气煤弹性各向异性系数实验测试

气煤裂隙丰富,具有弹性各向异性,确定气煤弹性各向异性类型与大小,对煤田各向异性研究具有重要意义. 本文在对气煤煤样孔隙率测试的基础上,测量了顺煤层面、垂直于煤层面、与煤层面成45°三个方向上纵波速度（VP）和横波速度（VSH、VSV）,计算弹性常数. 对于具有垂向对称轴横向各向同性模型,各向异性系数平均值|ε|≤0.2、|δ|≤0.2和|γ|≤0.2,表明气煤是弱各向异性介质;对于横向对称轴横向各向异性模型,各向异性系数平均值ε(V)≈δ(V),按照Thomsen观点气煤各向异性是由椭圆裂隙引起弹性各向异性.本文还讨论了各向异性系数与孔隙率的关系,表明各向异性的大小与孔隙率之间有一定的关系. 因此当煤层厚度与其顶底板岩性不变或变化很小,可以认为气煤各向异性主要由裂隙引起的,气煤各向异性大小和方向能够反映煤的裂缝密度和方位.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of rill flow on steep slopes

Rill erosion is a dominant sediment source on sloping lands. However, the amount of soil loss from rills on steep slopes is vastly more than that on gentle slopes because of differences in rill shape and hydraulic patterns. The aims of this paper are to determine the hydrodynamic characteristics of rills and the friction coefficients in steep slope conditions and to propose modifications of some hydraulic parameters used in soil loss prediction models. A series of inflow experiments was conducted on loess slopes. The results show that the geometric and hydraulic properties of rill on the steep loess slopes, which are characterized by the mean width of cross sections, mean velocity and mean depth of flow, are related to discharge and slope gradient in power functions. However, the related exponents to discharge are 0.26, 0.48 and 0.26, respectively, which are different from the exponents derived in previous studies, which were conducted on gentle slopes. The Manning roughness coefficient ranged from 0.035 to 0.071, with an average of 0.0536, and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficients varied from 0.4 to 1.9. The roughness coefficients are closely related to the Reynolds numbers and flow volumes; however, the correlations vary with slope gradient. The roughness coefficients are directly proportional to the Reynolds number and the flow volume on steep slopes, in contrast with the roughness coefficients found on gentle slopes, which decrease as the Reynolds number and flow volume increase. This difference is caused by the interactions among the hydraulics of the flow, the shape of the rills and the sediment concentrations on steep slopes. The results indicate that parameters used in models to predict rill erosion have to be modified according to slope gradient. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Zoeppritz偏导方程精确解的地层密度多角度反演

基于Zoeppritz方程对介质密度偏导数所建立的偏导方程的精确解,构造了多角度反演地层介质密度的反演方程,在偏导数求解过程中考虑了介质密度对波速度的影响因素,并由此实现了利用反射系数梯度精确解计算地层密度的多角度联合反演.通过数值算例考察了计算方法,结果显示:反演方法对层状地层模型不论反射波是否存在相干现象均获得了较好的反演结果,反演迭代10次后计算结果的最大相对误差能够收敛到1%之内;随着反演角度的增加地层介质密度反演的精度逐步提高,反演具有自动校正能力,有快的计算速度.本方法克服了传统AVO(Amplitude Versus Offset)基于Zoeppritz方程近似所遇到的困难,不受反演角度大小及反射界面对波反射强弱的限制,为地层介质密度的多角度包括大角度反演提供了一种新的快速有效的计算方法.     

Evaluation of ecosystem services: A case study in the middle reach of the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Ecosystem services evaluation aims at understanding the status of ecosystem services on different spatial and temporal scale. In this paper, we selected the middle reach of the Heihe River Basin (HRB), which is the second largest inland river basin in China, as one of the typical area to estimate the ecosystem services values (ESVs) corresponding to the land use changes. Based on the land use data and ecosystem service value coefficients, the total ecosystem services values (TESVs) of the middle reach of the HBR are quantitatively calculated, which were 9.244 × 108, 9.099 × 108, 9.131 × 108 and 9.146 × 108 USD in 1988, 2000, 2005 and 2008 respectively. During 1988–2008, the decrease of grassland, forest land, water area and unused land contributed 148.94%, 57.85%, 87.87% and 16.42% respectively to the net loss of TESVs, while the dramatic increase of cultivated land improved the TESVs with contribution of −211.08% to the net loss of TESVs. Expansion of cultivated land, which especially caused the loss of grassland and forest land, directly exerted negative impacts on the provision of ecosystem services in the study area. The findings of this research indicated that land use change was an important form of human activities, which had a strong impact on ecosystem services.     

A history and state-of-the-art of accommodation coefficients

This paper reviews theory and measurements of transport processes between small particles and the surrounding gas. Evaporation and condensation coefficients and gas uptake coefficients are of particular interest. There has long been a great difference in coefficients reported by different experimentalists, and much of this disagreement is considered in this overview. A brief review of the kinetic theory of gases is provided to describe molecular transport to or from a surface when the mean free path of molecules, ℓ, is large compared with the particle dimensions, that is, when the Knudsen number is large. For a sphere of radius a the Knudsen number, Kn = ℓ / a. The condition Kn >> 1 is called the free molecule regime, and for Kn << 1 continuum theory applies. It is shown that accommodation coefficients cannot be determined by experiments operating in the continuum regime. At intermediate Knudsen numbers (the Knudsen regime) transport theory is more difficult, but results based on solution of the Boltzmann equation describing the evolution of the molecular velocity distribution are reviewed. With the advent of high-speed computers transport theory has been supplemented by molecular dynamics calculations, and these calculations are often at odds with experimental measurements of accommodation coefficients. Examples are provided.Experimental methods surveyed include Knudsen cell methods, jet tensimetry, electrodynamic levitation experiments, expansion cloud chamber measurements, and vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG) techniques. VOAG measurements are particularly useful for studying processes over small times, and theory and results related to VOAG experiments are presented. More recent experimental measurements of condensation coefficients involving the use of molecular beams are reported. There is a growing body of evidence that accommodation coefficients are of order unity in many cases, but coefficients smaller than 0.01 are still reported, particularly for uptake coefficients.     

基于显式时间积分的球颗粒DDA计算方法

非连续变形分析方法（DDA）是一种平行于有限元法的新型数值计算方法,该方法基于最小势能原理,把每个离散块体的变形、运动和块体之间的接触统一到平衡方程中进行隐式求解。然而,传统DDA方法在计算过程中需组装整体刚度矩阵并联立求解方程组,在用于大型岩土工程问题的三维数值模拟时占用内存较大、耗时较长、计算效率极低。因此,提出一种基于显式时间积分的三维球颗粒DDA方法。该方法在求解过程中不需要组装整体刚度矩阵,在求解加速度时,由于质量矩阵为对角矩阵,可存储为一维向量占用内存较少,且可分块逐自由度求解,效率较高,在接触判断上采用最大位移准则简化了接触算法,采用较小的时步,保证了计算的精确性;通过几个典型算例验证了该方法的准确性及计算效率。     

交错网格任意阶导数有限差分格式及差分系数推导

交错网格有限差分算法以其高效、精确、实用等优点在地震波数值模拟中得到广泛应用。目前交错网格有限差分的精度已达到时间4阶、空间2N阶;然而在求空间三次导数时,差分格式实际上并未达到所谓的2N阶精度,而是采用了低阶的差分格式及差分系数,这样有利于提高大尺度空间正演时的计算效率;但从计算精度的角度考虑,有必要推导出准确的满足2N阶精度的交错网格有限差分格式及差分系数,以得到更高精度的正演结果。笔者利用Taylor公式展开首次推导出了可导函数任意次导数的任意偶数阶精度的差分近似式及相应的差分系数,从而完善了常规高精度交错网格有限差分算法。采用新推导的交错网格有限差分格式得到的正演波形与解析解进行了对比,证明了新推导的差分格式的正确性,并与常规差分格式的正演波形进行了比较,结果显示,新推导出的交错网格有限差分格式模拟结果稳定性好,精度更高。     

基于DDA方法一种流-固耦合模型的建立及裂隙体渗流场分析和应用

以非连续变形分析方法（DDA）为基础并采用稳态流体计算方法将二者结合进行裂隙岩体流-固耦合分析。利用DDA方法生成裂隙岩体模型,在此基础上采用矩阵搜索等方法形成新的裂隙水通网络模型。采用稳态迭代算法和立方定律求得裂隙水压力,并把裂隙水压力作为线载荷施加到块体边界,在DDA算法中每个迭代步完成后更新裂隙开度和水压值,与DDA算法结合研究裂隙水与块体之间相互作用关系。利用以上裂隙岩体流-固耦合计算方法研究了某水封油库开挖和运行过程洞室围岩流量和密封性,为该工程预测水封效果提供了有益的主要依据,也是国内首次采用DDA方法做大型工程的流-固耦合模型分析。     

盘石山幔源透辉石微量元素地球化学

用质子探针和电子探针分别测定盘石山幔源橄揽岩包体中透辉石、橄榄石的微量元素和主量元素丰度;用X-射线荧光光谱法测定包体全岩的主量和微量元素丰度。定量讨论微量元素的分布和分配。其中绝大部分Sr、Zr、Ti、Na赋存在透辉石中,绝大部分Mn、Zn、Ni赋存在橄揽石中,在T=1194-1435K范围,分配系数变化如下:InD_Ol/Cpx^Zn=1.44-2.19;InD_Ol/Cpx^Mn=0.21-0.40,InD_Ol/Cpx^Ti=4.76-5.61,InD_Ol/Cpx^Ni(平均值)=2.20.透辉石中Ti/Zr=42-103,低于原始地幔值,由地幔隐性交代作用造成。