基于最优组合赋权理论的可拓学评价模型的应用

地质灾害易发区的划分对科学防治地质灾害具有重要的指导意义。根据易发区划分原理,提出已有灾害点数量、地形地貌、地质构造、岩土体类型、多年平均降雨量、植被覆盖率以及人类工程活动影响7个参评指标。将偏好比率法和熵值函数进行最优组合,确定权系数,并应用于可拓学评价中,提出了地质灾害易发区划分的一种新模型——基于最优组合赋权理论的可拓学评价模型。吉林省地质灾害易发区划分与野外调查情况相吻合。     

老矿区深部资源量预测的地球化学方法——以江西九江城门山铜矿深部铜资源量预测为例

老矿区面临着提高资源保障能力和保证矿山长远发展的挑战.对其深部资源量进行预测具有重要的现实意义.以江西城门山铜矿深部铜资源量的预测为例,以富Cu地质体为资源量计算对象,通过函数拟合积分和三维地质体可视化模型,探讨用面金属量积分法和三维地质体块段法进行深部铜资源量预测的原理和具体操作流程.最后尝试利用这2种方法计算第一空间(0～-500m)和预测第二空间(-500～-1000m)的资源量.结果表明:第一空间2种方法均可行,计算结果与传统的储量计算结果十分接近;第二空间资源量预测以三维地质体块段法为宜.当铜矿体边界品位指标分别为0.3%和0.2%时.三维地质体块段法预测深部资源量为57.97×10~4t和137.58×l0~4t,深部铜资源量主要集中在似屡状含Cu黄铁矿中(I号矿体).     

间断性阶梯抽水试验求解水文地质参数解析法

针对利用间断性阶梯流量抽水试验资料求解水文地质参数采用试算法、特殊标准曲线比对法及线性回归法等存在的计算过程繁复、人为误差难免、图表束缚严重等问题,采用优化拟合方法,在工程适应参数范围内,通过对以级数表示的泰斯井函数的简单函数替代,并依据抽水试验降深时间关系曲线上的选点,采用降深比值法,经对间断性阶梯流量抽水井流函数的整理推导,获得了可直接完成相关水文地质参数求解的一元二次方程,求解过程简捷直观,便于实际工程应用。精度分析表明,在工程适用参数范围内,最大相对误差小于2%,完全满足实际工程的计算精度要求。     

湖南锡矿山土壤重金属污染评价

在前人工作的基础上,运用地质累积指数等环境地球化学研究的方法,对锡矿山土壤及其农作物中重金属污染进行了分析与评价.结果表明: (1)土壤中以Sb、Hg、Cd污染最为严重,其污染程度达强度以上;Zn、Cu、As、Pb次之,Cr未受到污染. (2)萝卜中元素的生物吸收系数顺序为Zn＞Cd＞Pb=As＞Cu＞Sb＞Hg＞Cr,其吸收程度与土壤污染程度并不一致,除与土壤中元素的浓度有关外,且受元素的生物吸收能力的控制.     

基于OpenMP的非连续变形分析并行计算方法

非连续变形分析（DDA）方法严格满足平衡要求和能量守恒,具有完全的运动学及数值可靠性,但对大规模岩土工程问题的数值模拟耗时太长,尤其是线性方程组求解,并行计算可以很好地解决该问题。首先基于DDA方法的基本理论,阐述了适用于DDA方法中的基于块的行压缩法和基于“试验-误差”迭代格式的非零位置记录;其次,引入块雅可比迭代法并行求解DDA方法的线性方程组,并改进了相应的非零存储方法;最后,基于OpenMP实现了DDA线性方程组求解并行计算,并将其应用于地下洞室群的破坏过程分析,以加速比为并行效率的指标评价,结果表明,该并行计算策略可以极大提高DDA的计算效率,而且适合各种规模的问题。     

冻融循环作用下黄土基本物理性质变异性研究

以陕西富平重塑黄土为研究对象, 引入有关变异性分析的变化量和变异系数两个参数, 对历经不同冻融循环次数后黄土的物理性质指标进行清晰全面的描述. 结果表明:土样的密度和孔隙比的变化量呈现"共轭"变化, 水理性质指标的变化量均随冻融次数的增加而变小; 各项指标的变异系数均随冻融次数逐渐减小, 即土样内部形成新的结构, 并趋于稳定. 在分析黄土基本物理性质变异性的基础上, 可进一步探讨其内部颗粒排列、粒度成分及矿物成分等的发展转变, 为解决该地区冻融黄土的土工问题提供了参考, 同时, 也是判断其工程性质最基本的依据之一.     

非连续子母块体理论模型研究(Ⅰ):基本理论

对节理岩体的非连续变形与破坏失稳的数值模拟分析是目前岩土力学与工程领域中的前沿课题之一,岩体由节理裂隙以及由其切割而成岩石块体组成,介于连续与非连续之间,由于其内部结构的不确定性造成了其宏观力学行为的复杂性。在讨论了岩体破坏失稳的研究尺度的基础上,从多尺度耦合的角度出发,同时考虑连续问题、非连续问题以及连续问题向非连续问题转化,提出了非连续子母块体理论模型。在非连续子母块体理论模型中,假定岩体与岩体内部被层理、节理等结构面所切割而成的岩石块体均属于宏观尺度,把宏观的岩石块体定义为母块体,用假想的人工节理将其继续分为若干更小的块体,更小的块体称为子块体,子块体为各向同性的均质体,并且在计算中不再发生破坏分解为更小的块体,作为计算分析的基本单元,子块体的研究尺度属于细观尺度。模型也重新定义了子块体间的接触,并将其划分为连续接触与非连续接触两种类型,连续接触在一定条件下发生破坏转化为非连续接触;采用增广拉格朗日乘子法对子块体间的接触进行处理,能够计算出准确的弹簧接触力。     

1.5GPa、950℃下块状斜长角闪岩部分熔融微量元素的分配特征

在1.5GPa,950℃,恒温101h条件下对华北北缘太古宙地体中的斜长角闪岩块状样品进行了脱水部分熔融实验,实验产物组合为Hb+Cpx+Gt+Gl,获得的熔体为花岗闪长质成分。利用LA-ICP-MS测试了矿物和熔体的微量元素,获得该体系内各矿物/熔体的微量元素分配系数。角闪石、单斜辉石和石榴石的分配系数与前人在类似条件下的实验结果基本一致。这说明无论实验的初始物质是粉末状还是块状,对元素的分配没有太大的影响。各矿物的REE分配系数对离子半径的拟合曲线很好地符合晶格应变弹性模型。整体特征上,角闪石、单斜辉石和石榴石的LILE,LREE分配系数较低,而HREE的分配系数较高,石榴石具有强烈富集HREE的特征。由此,造成实验熔体表现出LILE、LREE富集而HREE亏损的特征。残留相中无金红石,使得熔体中没有明显的Nb、Ta负异常。熔体的主-微量元素特征符合华北北缘中生代埃达克质岩石的基本特征,进一步支持了该类岩石"可能起源于古老下地壳的部分熔融"的成因模式。     

Visibility trends in six megacities in China 1973–2007

The particulate matter pollution has been serious in Chinese megacities due to the rapidly expanding economic and industrial developments, which has significant influences in atmospheric visibility. Visibility is a highly relevant factor indicating the level of atmospheric quality, and is inversely related to the optical extinction coefficient caused by gas and particle phases. In our study, visibility trends for six major megacities (Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Xi'an) in China were evaluated during 1973–2007 on the basis of the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) database using four measurement methods: the days per year of daily visibility < 10 km, the days per year of daily visibility > 19 km, the annual mean visibility, and the dry extinction coefficient. The annual and seasonal change trends of visibility for each city were analyzed by using a linear regression model. The annual mean visibilities for the six cities (Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Xi'an) were 10.67, 8.60, 10.76, 8.59, 8.16, and 9.74 km respectively. Shenyang has experienced a significant increasing trend during the entire time series while visibilities for other five sites showed decreasing trends especially since the middle of 1990s. In the southern and midwestern regions (Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Xi'an), visibility was best in summer, whereas in the northern regions (Beijing and Shenyang), visibility was best in spring. Mean visibility in spring was worst at Guangzhou, while for the other five cities visibility in winter was worst, probably because of coal burning during the heating period. The general degradation of visibility in these megacities was probably due to the excess aerosol loading. Consequently, an urgent targeted reduction of aerosol pollution may be needed for the sake of better air quality in Chinese megacities.     

Application of High Spatial Resolution Laser Ablation ICP-MS to Crystal-Melt Trace Element Partition Coefficient Determination

In this contribution we evaluate the capabilities of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) using a 12 μm spot size. Precision, accuracy and detection limits were assessed on the USGS BCR-2G reference material. We demonstrate that the 12 μm LA-ICP-MS analyses of experimentally-grown amphibole and garnet are in excellent agreement with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) trace element determinations on the same crystals. The 12 μm spot size configuration was subsequently used to determine trace element crystal-melt partition coefficients (D_c/m) for a wide range of trace elements in amphibole in equilibrium with a basanitic melt. The following strategy to determine accurately and evaluate D_c/m is proposed. One or more major elements determined previously by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used to ensure consistency between EPMA and the composition of the aerosol produced by the laser ablation. Measured D_c/m values were successively evaluated using the lattice strain model. The use of this strategy significantly improved the precision and accuracy of D_c/m determination when a LA-ICP-MS configuration with a high spatial resolution was employed.