城市河流形态及稳定性演变研究进展

人为干扰导致的城市河流退化在地理科学和水文学领域引发了广泛关注, 针对城市河流形态及演变过程的研究成为退化河流生态修复的一项重要内容, 然而, 目前国内相关基础理论的系统梳理相对缺乏。本文回顾了半个多世纪以来城市河流形态及稳定性演变的研究成果, 从研究内容和方法两方面对不同城市化阶段河流形态及稳定性变化的特征和原因进行总结, 同时评述了不同研究方法的特点与局限。本文认为, 城市化进程改变了河流自然演化过程, 破坏了河流原有形态及稳定性, 其中, 沉积和径流体系变化是其根本原因。为了更好地运用河流演变机理进行河流修复, 学者们发展了河流分类体系, 主要包括形态导向法、过程导向法和综合分类法, 重点从河流退化的地貌形态、沉积和径流变化过程、河流演变的时间周期等方面概述各分类体系的优缺点, 阐述具有预测功能的河流分类体系不断完善的过程。本文通过梳理城市河流演变的研究成果, 以期为中国城市河流修复与管理提供科学依据和现实借鉴。     

Wind direction and complex sediment transport response across a beach–dune system

Evidence from a field study on wind flow and sediment transport across a beach–dune system under onshore and offshore conditions (including oblique approach angles) indicates that sediment transport response on the back‐beach and stoss slope of the foredune can be exceedingly complex. The upper‐air flow – measured by a sonic anemometer at the top of a 3·5 m tower located on the dune crest – is similar to regional wind records obtained from a nearby meteorological station, but quite different from the near‐surface flow field measured locally across the beach–dune profile by sonic anemometers positioned 20 cm above the sand surface. Flow–form interaction at macro and micro scales leads to strong modulation of the near‐surface wind vectors, including wind speed reductions (due to surface roughness drag and adverse pressure effects induced by the dune) and wind speed increases (due to flow compression toward the top of the dune) as well as pronounced topographic steering during oblique wind approach angles. A conceptual model is proposed, building on the ideas of Sweet and Kocurek (Sedimentology 37 : 1023–1038, 1990), Walker and Nickling (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28 : 111–1124, 2002), and Lynch et al. (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33 : 991–1005, 2008, Geomorphology 105 : 139–146, 2010), which shows how near‐surface wind vectors are altered for four regional wind conditions: (a) onshore, detached; (b) onshore‐oblique, attached and deflected; (c) offshore, detached; and (d) offshore‐oblique, attached and deflected. High‐frequency measurements of sediment transport intensity during these different events demonstrate that predictions of sediment flux using standard equations driven by regional wind statistics would by unreliable and misleading. It is recommended that field studies routinely implement experimental designs that treat the near‐surface wind field as comprising true vector quantities (with speed and direction) in order that a more robust linkage between the regional (upper air) wind field and the sediment transport response across the beach–dune profile be established. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浙江近岸海域表层沉积物中氮的存在形态及其含量的分布特征

运用分相浸取法分析了浙江近岸海域60个站位的表层沉积物(0～2 cm)中各形态氮的含量和分布.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中总氮(TN)含量为214.66～861.44 mg/kg,均值为580.52mg/kg,位于浅水区的长江口、杭州湾和浙江沿岸的TN含量低于东部远岸海域;可转化态氮(TTN)含量只占总氮的3.06%～37.24%,有机态和硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)是沉积物中可转化态氮的主要赋存形态,非转化态氮(NTN)是浙江近岸海域表层沉积物中的优势形态.各站位沉积物中氮在不同提取相中的含量差异较大,与沉积物的陆源输入、沉积物重金属含量、粒径分布及沉积海域的水动力条件等因素有关.     

A self‐limiting bank erosion mechanism? inferring temporal variations in bank form and skin drag from high resolution topographic data

Fluvial bank erosion rates are often quantified by assuming that the erosion rate is a function of the excess (above a critical threshold) boundary shear stress applied by the flow. Research has shown that the form roughness induced by natural topographic bank features, such as slumps, spurs and embayments, is the dominant component of the spatially‐averaged total shear stress, meaning that form roughness provides an important control on bank erosion rates. However, measuring the relative components of the total shear stress for a natural system is not straightforward. In this work we use the method of Kean and Smith to partition the form and skin drag components of river bank roughness using a time series (2005–2011) of high‐resolution topographic surveys of an eroding bank of the Cecina River in central Italy. This method approximates the form drag component of the roughness along a longitudinal bank profile as a series of user‐defined Gaussian curves. The extracted metrics are used in conjunction with an estimate of the outer region flow velocity to partition the form and skin drag components of the total boundary shear stress according to the Kean and Smith analytical solution. The relative magnitude of the form and skin shear stress at each survey date is analysed alongside DEMs of difference to reveal that intense episodes of erosion are followed by periods of quiescence. We show that this is due to the protection offered by increased form drag roughness following erosion. We conceptualise the dynamic feedbacks that exist between river discharge, bank erosion processes and bank form roughness, into a simple model of the self‐limiting nature of river bank erosion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ballast water: A threat to the Amazon Basin

Ballast water exchange (BWE) is the most efficient measure to control the invasion of exotic species from ships. This procedure is being used for merchant ships in national and international voyages. The ballast water (BW) salinity is the main parameter to evaluate the efficacy of the mid-ocean ballast water exchange. The vessels must report to the Port State Control (PSC), via ballast water report (BWR), where and how the mid-ocean BWE was performed. This measure allows the PSC to analyze this information before the ship arrives at the port, and to decide whether or not it should berth.Ship BW reporting forms were collected from the Captaincy of Santana and some ships were visited near the Port of Santana, located in Macapá (Amazon River), to evaluate the BW quality onboard. We evaluated data submitted in these BWR forms and concluded that the BWE efficacy might be compromised, because data contained in these BWR indicate that some ships did not change their BW. We found mistakes in filling the BWR forms and lack of information. Moreover, these ships had discharged BW with high level of salinity, Escherichia coli and total coliforms into the Amazon River. We concluded that the authorities of the Amazon Region need to develop more efficient proceedings to evaluate the ballast water reporting forms and BW quality, as there is potential risk of future invasion of exotic species in Brazilian ports.     

2003-2013年中国城市形态研究评述

根据2003-2013年间在国内主要地理学、城市规划和建筑学期刊上发表的研究文献,对近10年间的城市形态相关研究的内容、方法和进展进行评述。文章在辨析城市“布局形态”、“结构形态”、“肌理形态”三大概念的基础上,将现有研究成果按城市形态影响要素分解、新技术方法应用、时间—空间维度探讨、可持续城市形态、城市形态规划、管理和控制,以及分城市、地区案例研究六大主线进行归纳,并评析现有成果的研究视角、技术方法、实践应用特点及其局限。比较中西方城市形态研究轨迹,国内研究习惯于通过实证主义的因果演绎和经验主义的案例归纳来理解现有城市的形态发展历程,并在借鉴历史经验和西方经验的基础上,寻求城市形态发展的“理想城市形态”。而西方研究则致力于寻求“可持续城市形态”的可操作性和实现方式,侧重于可持续发展的路径探索和规划应对。本文提出未来城市形态研究应更关注微观层面的肌理形态分析,应从更加温和、建设性的“时间—空间演化”视角探讨城市形态演进规律,为包容性、共生性的“可持续形态”演变发展构建理论基础。     

西藏樟木后山危岩崩塌颗粒离散元数值分析

崩塌危岩是高陡岩质边坡浅表层破坏常见的动力地质灾害方式之一,它突发性强,随机性大,速度快,发生猛烈,一直是边坡工程勘察中的重点。对西藏樟木后山高陡边坡危岩进行了现场勘察,分析研究了危岩崩塌体的分布范围。利用PFC3D模拟了在降雨件下危岩崩塌危岩的运动轨迹、速度及不同摩擦系数崩塌体的堆积特征。计算分析结果表明,崩塌危岩运动路径受地形地貌影响较大,与地面发生碰撞,多次改变行进方向,简化二维计算可能得出错误结论;坡面摩擦系数影响崩塌危岩的堆积形态,摩擦系数越小,堆积体位置越远,运动状态易表现流态性状。坡面摩擦系数取1.2时,模拟结果与实际较为吻合;崩塌危岩主要危害的范围为陡崖下部武警二营至樟木沟口一带。利用PFC3D模拟危岩崩塌运动可以初步确定崩塌体三维堆积形态及影响范围,为防灾减灾工程设计提供有益参考。     

巴丹吉林沙漠沙丘形态与风动力关系的初步研究

通过气象资料分析、遥感解译、野外地貌调查、沙丘形态测量和沙丘表沙粒度沉积学分析,对巴丹吉林沙漠不同沙丘的形态特征及其动力机制进行了系统研究。研究结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠近40 a来的输沙势有高频变率、多向变化的特点,并在沙漠东南缘更为显著。宏观尺度上,在特征输沙场作用下,绝大部分沙山的走向很规则,且在沙丘形态上既表现出横向沙丘的部分特征,也有高大沙山独有的特点。不同走向沙丘的表沙粒度沉积学对比分析表明,表沙的平均粒径和分选系数与规则走向沙山的沙丘形态具有较好的相关性,这种相关性与沙漠东南缘的气流场总体对应。不规则走向沙山的表沙粒度分布特征较为复杂,可能是沙丘发育过程中受下伏地形起伏影响,其形态反作用局部气流场所致。沙山尾部和丘间带表沙常有多峰态的粒度分布特征,各峰指示了不同的风沙运移方式。     

石嘴山地区碱性土壤硒地球化学特征及生物有效性

以石嘴山地区碱性土壤为研究对象,全面采集了石嘴山地区表层土壤样品,分析了土壤中硒及有效硒等地球化学指标.结果 表明:研究区土壤硒的主要来源为贺兰山区黑色岩系,其次为引黄灌溉淤积;研究区硒的生物有效性处于较高水平,有效硒富集及以上的区域占全区的79.2％,面积约为777.2 km2;硒不同形态含量依次为残渣态＞强有机结合...