A Review of the Calculation Formula for the Four-component Borehole Strainmeter and Application to Earthquake Cases

Based on the principle formula for the four-component strainmeters, we can directly obtain the specific plane strain, shear strain and azimuthal angle of the principal strain, and the maximum and minimum principal strains calculated afterwards are the indirect result. The problems of practicality of the sensitivity coefficients A and B of plane strain and shear strain are then discussed. Based on this idea, we analyzed the observation data of several four-component borehole strainmeters near the epicenter of the Yiliang M_S5.7 earthquake in 2012 and the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake in 2014 in the Zhaotong area, Yunnan Province. The results show that the analysis based on the perspective of plane strain and shear strain has an obviously better effect than that based on the component readings, and can directly peel off the respective abnormality of the plane strain and shear strain. In addition, the correlation coefficient curves between measured data of two plane strains show significant anomalies which often occur several days before and during the earthquake.     

川藏铁路3000 m水平定向钻井技术方案

川藏铁路设计多条超长深埋隧道,且多处于高海拔、高陡斜坡及雪线以上的无人山区,地形险峻,起伏大,交通条件差。沿隧道轴线的水平定向钻井为隧道勘察提供了一种有效的勘察手段。结合工程及地层特点,从钻井设备、工艺等方面,为超长隧道勘察提供了一种3000 m级水平定向钻井技术方案。方案明确了井身结构、全面钻进和长钻程取心钻进工艺、钻井液措施及部分复杂情况应对措施。以较少的钻探工作量,为隧道勘察提供更加详细的实物地质资料,真实反映隧道内的地质情况。     

半周期自修正防弯钻具（XBZX）的研制与应用

针对深孔钻探中钻孔弯曲问题,研制了半周期自修正防弯钻具（XBZX）。该钻具采用杠杆工作原理,结构简单。经过多个钻孔应用实践证明,使用该钻具能有效降低钻孔弯曲,并且在许多造斜地层的钻孔施工中取得了良好效果。     

编织袋充填砂结构在围堰工程中的应用

结合青岛市四方区围海造地工程的实例,分析了在厚度较大的软弱地基层上水下铺设大型编织布袋作为围堰的主体结构的优点和结构特点,重点介绍了施工工艺以及在施工过程中需注意的问题。     

超长定向钻注装备关键技术分析及发展趋势

定向钻技术起源于石油钻井工业,经多年发展已拓展至隧道工程地质勘察及灾害处置、煤矿底板含水层改造、蓄能电站抽水通道施工、市政管道铺设等多个领域。地面注浆技术结合定向钻长距离精准穿越的优势,可实现地下工程不良地质高效预加固与灾害安全处置,具有广阔的应用前景。系统综述了定向钻注装备技术的发展历程、研究现状和待突破关键技术。首先,介绍了定向钻与地面注浆技术的发展历程;其次从重大科研项目、学术论文、授权专利以及工程实践等方面进行了分析与总结。结果表明：我国现阶段定向钻注技术总体已达到自主化、实用化的国际先进水平,但在千米级长距离快速钻进、复杂地质条件精准导向、地下工程精准注浆处置等核心技术方面仍存在“卡脖子”难题。面向战略性重大工程建设需求,提出了超长距离定向钻注一体化装备“预报、钻进、注浆、检测”四大功能模块,围绕随钻感知预报、快速钻进与卡钻预测、精准导向技术、远距离凝胶可控注浆材料、稳压控制分段注浆工艺、随钻检测系统六方面,开展了分析与讨论,可为我国定向钻注一体化装备技术发展和地下工程灾害防控提供参考。     

Inference of in situ stress from thermoporoelastic borehole breakouts based on artificial neural network

The determination of in situ stresses is very important in petroleum engineering. Hydraulic fracturing is a widely accepted technique for the determination of in situ stresses nowadays. Unfortunately, the hydraulic fracturing test is time-consuming and expensive. Taking advantage of the shape of borehole breakouts measured from widely available caliper and image logs to determine in situ stress in petroleum engineering is highly attractive. By finite element modeling of borehole breakouts considering thermoporoelasticity, the authors simulate the process of borehole breakouts in terms of initiation, development, and stabilization under Mogi-Coulomb criterion and end up with the shape of borehole breakouts. Artificial neural network provides such a tool to establish the relationship between in situ stress and shape of borehole breakouts, which can be used to determine in situ stress based on different shape of borehole breakouts by inverse analysis. In this paper, two steps are taken to determine in situ stress by inverse analysis. First, sets of finite element modeling provide sets of data on in situ stress and borehole breakout measures considering the influence of drilling fluid temperature and pore pressure, which will be used to train an artificial neural network that can eventually represent the relationship between the in situ stress and borehole breakout measures. Second, for a given measure of borehole breakouts in a certain drilling fluid temperature, the trained artificial neural network will be used to predict the corresponding in situ stress. Results of numerical experiments show that the inverse analysis based on finite element modeling of borehole breakouts and artificial neural network is a promising method to determine in situ stress.     

A method of determining dominant wave direction from multiparameter hydrological gauge measurements and its application

Multi-parameter hydrological gauge is an instrument developed by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences to make simultaneous observation of current, wave, tide, water temperature and conductivity.By using the well-known "PUV method", the directional wave spectrum can be calculated and the dominant wave direction is then obtained.The comparison of the dominant wave directions derived from the measurements using both the multi-parameter hydrological gauge and the MARK Ⅱ "Wave-Rider" directional buoy shows that the dominant wave directions derived from the two kinds of measurements are in good agreement.     

北京昌平地震台TJ-1体积钻孔应变仪潮汐参数动态特征及其稳定性研究

介绍了北京昌平地震台 TJ- 1型钻孔体积应变仪 1 989年 7月～ 2 0 0 0年 1 2月期间的观测结果 ,分析了潮汐响应函数的动态特征及其稳定性。由全序列观测数据调和分析所得 :O1波潮汐因子 VO1=0 .791 6± 0 .0 1 2 8、相位滞后 ΔΦ0 1=1 .9°;K1波潮汐因子 Vk1=0 .6 4 42±0 .0 0 88、相位滞后ΔΦk1=- 4.2°;M2 波潮汐因子 VM2 =0 .6 5 0 0± 0 .0 0 3 8、相位滞后ΔΦM2 =-2 .9°。液态地核振荡因子 A=VO1/VK1=1 .2 2 8,比理论值小 6 .5 %。     

重力测井技术若干进展

重力测井是一种常规的地球物理方法,具有较大探测深度,对以生物礁及溶孔溶洞为储层的密度异常体的探测具有重要的意义。本文论述了重力测井的研究进展,分析了重力测井的基本原理以及面临的问题和急需解决的科学问题,讨论了今后需要研究的方向及基本课题.认为重力测井在解决复杂储层勘探难题和油气藏动态监测方面具有其它常规测井所不具有的优势,重力测井技术在理论和实践两方面都是可行的,具有广阔的发展前景.     

The form of the asymptotic depth-limited wind-wave spectrum: Part III — Directional spreading

The directional spreading of both the wavenumber and frequency spectra of finite-depth wind generated waves at the asymptotic depth limit are examined. The analysis uses the Wavelet Directional Method, removing the need to assume a form for the dispersion relationship. The paper shows that both the wavenumber and frequency forms are narrowest at the spectral peak and broaden at wavenumbers (frequencies) both above and below the peak. The directional spreading of the wavenumber spectrum is bi-modal above the spectral peak. In contrast, the frequency spectrum is uni-modal. This difference is shown to be the result of energy in the wind direction being displaced from the linear dispersion shell. A full parametric relationship for the directional spreading of the wavenumber spectrum is developed. The analysis clearly shows that typical dispersion relationships are questionable at high frequencies and that such effects can be significant. This result supports greater attention being focussed on the routine recording of wavenumber spectra, rather than frequency spectra.