Direct shear tests of coarse-grained fillings from high-speed railway subgrade in cold regions

In order to study the shear behavior of coarse-grained fillings taken from the subgrade bottom layer of a cold region high-speed railway, large scale direct shear tests were conducted with different normal pressures, water contents and temperatures. The results indicate that the relationship between shear displacement and shear stress changed from strain-softening at lower normal pressures to strain-hardening at higher normal pressures, in both unfrozen and frozen states. This phenomenon was mainly due to the shear dilatation deformation effect. The shear displacement-shear stress curves show similar stages. Besides, the shear stress rapidly increased and there was not an increment in the shear displacement during the initial stage of the shear process in the frozen state. In both the unfrozen or frozen states at the same water contents, the shear strength increased with increasing normal pressure.     

A hybrid calibration approach to Hertz-type contact parameters for discrete element models

This study aims at providing a hybrid calibration framework to estimate Hertz-type contact parameters (particle-scale shear modulus and Poisson ratio) for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional discrete element modelling (DEM). On the basis of statistically isotropic granular packings, a set of analytical formulae between macroscopic material parameters (Young modulus and Poisson ratio) and particle-scale Hertz-type contact parameters for granular systems are derived under small-strain isotropic stress conditions. However, the derived analytical solutions are only estimated values for general models. By viewing each DEM modelling as an implicit mathematical function taking the particle-level parameters as independent variables and employing the derived analytical solutions as the initial input parameters, an automatic iterative scheme is proposed to obtain the calibrated parameters with higher accuracies. Considering highly nonlinear features and discontinuities of the macro-micro relationship in Hertz-based discrete element models, the adaptive moment estimation algorithm is adopted in this study because of its capacity of dealing with noise gradients of cost functions. The proposed method is validated with several numerical cases including randomly distributed monodisperse and polydisperse packings. Noticeable improvements in terms of calibration efficiency and accuracy have been made.     

漠河地区天然气水合物远景调查之——电法探测岩石性永久冻层的应用研究

在东北天然气水合物远景调查中,解决多年永久性冻土的空间分布是一个关键性问题.但是利用电测方法确定基岩性永久冻土的空间分布比较复杂.为有效利用电测方法探测漠河地区永久冻土的空间分布,首先对漠河地区4口钻井岩芯进行了不同温度条件下的物性测试,并以此建立正演模型进行了正演模拟研究;在工作区永久冻层已知点做了方法有效性实验,获得了永久冻层与上、下非冻层的电性结构特征.在此基础上采用电阻率测深法和瞬变电磁法进行了实际探测,根据实测资料,对工作区永久冻层或与永久冻层相关电性层的空间分布做出了推断解释,利用点探槽对不同海拔高度的测点进行了验证.     

地质界线图层的自动化生成方法

地质界线要素是地质图空间数据库的基本要素之一。地质界线图层通常是地质图空间数据库中图元最多的一个图层,其数字化和质量检验工作较为繁重。针对已有地质体面图层,而地质界线图层缺失的情况,本文提供一种快速补充地质界线图层的方法。该方法也可对原生地质界线图层进行属性数据的自动化质量检验。其主要处理环节包括：首先,基于地质体面图层,构建地质体邻接关系图,可实现对地质界线高效、准确地提取;其次,基于产状数据与断层数据,运用地层接触关系识别规则,可分别实现对基本地层接触关系和断层接触关系的自动识别;最后,针对两邻接地质体面实体多段界线间的接触关系识别结果不一致的情形,运用“平行不整合优先”原则和“长度优先”原则,进行了合理的综合判别。基于1:50 000庐山幅地质界线图层的自动化生成实验表明,本文方法可高效、快捷、准确地生成地质界线图层,既能够满足自动化补充地质界线图层的需要,又可作为检验地质界线图层属性的有效工具。     

虎跳峡工程区松散堆积体原位直剪试验研究

松散堆积体型斜坡在虎跳峡工程区河段两岸普遍发育,研究其剪切强度对于此类库岸斜坡的稳定性评价具有重要意义。作者设计了堆载式加荷直剪试验方法,并经野外大面积现场试验,获得了堆积体直剪时的剪应力-应变关系曲线,对堆积体的剪切强度性质进行了相应的理论分析,同时为工程区堆积体稳定性评价提供了可参考的c、φ值。     

电沉积参数对Cr2O3超疏水膜层表面形貌和润湿性的影响

采用电沉积法在碳钢片表面制备Cr2O3微纳膜层,并用硬脂酸对其进行表面修饰降低其表面能。通过单因素法依次优化电流密度、铬酸浓度、极间距和电沉积时间,并分析所得Cr2O3超疏水膜层的表面形貌和润湿性。当电流强度为4A、铬酸浓度为1.5 mol/L、极间距为5 mm及电沉积时间为1 h时,经硬脂酸修饰后Cr2O3膜层的超疏水性能优异,其静态接触角达到153.52°且滚动角为2.17°。     

Intergrain contact density indices for granular mixes——Ⅰ: Framework

Mechanical behavior such as stress-strain response, shear strength, resistance to liquefaction, modulus, and shear wave velocity of granular mixes containing coarse and fine grains is dependent on intergrain contact density of the soil. The global void ratio e is a poor index of contact density for such soils. The contact density depends on void ratio, fine grain content (CF), size disparity between particles, and gradation among other factors. A simple analysis of a two-sized particle system with large size disparity is used to develop an understanding of the effects of CF , e, and gradation of coarse and fine grained soils in the soil mix on intergrain contact density. An equivalent intergranular void ratio (ec)eq is introduced as a useful intergrain contact density for soils at fines content of less than a threshold value CFth. Beyond this value, an equivalent interfine void ratio (ef)eq is introduced as a primary intergrain contact density index. At higher values of CF beyond a limiting value of fine grains content CFL, an interfine void ratio ef is introduced as the primary contact density index. Relevant equivalent relative density indices (Drc)eq and (Drf)eq are also presented. Experimental data show that these new indices correlate well with steady state strength, liquefaction resistance, and shear wave velocities of sands, silty sands, sandy silts, and gravelly sand mixes.     

近地表地震映像剖面静校正探析

由于自然或入文扰动,近地表第四系覆盖层在横、纵向上存在局部低速带,地震映像剖面上有效初至波旅行时增加,当利用钻孔取芯所获得的波速v解释时,会使异常深度增加,从而使剖面失去了利用v提取异常相对深度的背景,容易在资料解释过程中产生误判.文中首先利用射线追踪法模拟出不同偏移距、不同目的层深度、不同地表低速带的地震映像剖面时间场,然后利用直达波初至进行静校正,结果表明:偏移距越大,静校正后目的反射层同相轴的拉伸畸变越严重;在偏移距不变的情况下,目的层深度对静校正时间量几乎无影响;当偏移距与目的层深度不变时,低速体与下覆介质速度差异越大,过剩的静校正量越大.利用互相关法对地震映像剖面进行静校正,校正后的剖面异常与钻探结果相吻合,二者相互印证,证实了利用直达波旅行时差静态校正地震映像剖面的可行性及适用性.     

All-Sky Direct Radiative Effects of Urban Aerosols in Beijing and Shanghai,China

Aerosol particles can directly alter the radiation balance by scattering and absorbing incident solar radiation, thus decreasing the amount of light reaching the surface and increasing the fraction of diffuse radiation—the so-called ‘aerosol direct radiative effect'. Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol products, the aerosol direct radiative effects under all-sky conditions in Beijing and Shanghai in 2007 were explored in this study. The total shortwave radiation was calculated using the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model, with the influence of clouds taken into account through sunshine-duration data, and the diffuse radiation was calculated with radiation decomposition models. Good correlation between measured and calculated total radiation was obtained at both cities, with an R greater than 0.9, and thus this calculation method was adopted to derive aerosol direct radiative effects. The presence of aerosols caused the mean total and diffuse solar radiation reaching the surface to change by-19.9% and +27.4% in Beijing, respectively, and by-18.4% and +6.5% in Shanghai. It was also found that, despite the strong negative correlation between aerosol optical depth and total radiation change, the diffuse radiation changes were determined predominantly by clouds. The effects of such changes induced by aerosols on plant productivity should be further studied.     

新疆恰尔墩巴斯希铁-铜-金矿矿床地质研究

新疆恰尔墩巴斯希铁-铜-金矿床中磁铁矿化和铜矿化与中基性侵入岩体密切相关。磁铁矿化在辉长岩体与中基性火山岩的内外接触带发育,由内带的磁铁矿+透辉石组合变化到外带的磁铁矿+石英+钙铁榴石+方解石组合。辉长岩和闪长岩的轻、重稀土元素分异明显〔(La/Yb)N为3.19～7.81〕,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta,具岛弧岩浆岩特征。辉长岩氧逸度较高,明显富钾。铜矿化主要集中于闪长岩体的外接触带,大部分铜矿化充填在热液角砾岩中。可划分出4个铜矿化阶段:①钠长石-石英阶段;②黄铜矿-黄铁矿-自然金-绢云母-石英阶段;③黄铜矿-黄铁矿-绿帘石-葡萄石阶段;④闪锌矿-方铅矿-石英-方解石阶段。自然金主要出现在糜棱岩化之后的黄铁矿-石英脉中。