稳态瑞利波法在中国的应用及进展

采用电磁震源的稳态瑞利波法在我国应用已有近10年的历史,是我国应用最早的面波勘探方法。近10年来,通过理论和试验两方面的研究,在资料采集、处理和解释方面都取得了显著进展;确定"拐点"和"之字型"异常为D-_vR曲线上地层界面的两种基本异常形态;根据单条曲线的形态,可以确定洞穴、裂隙、松软带等地质异常的基本类型;并获得了深达一二百米以上的实测资料。稳态瑞利波法成功地应用到许多大、中、小型工程项目之中,解决了一些复杂的工程地质问题,在勘探深度、解释精度和空洞判断准确率方面都达到了较高水平。稳态法所具有的优势是其它类似物探方法包括目前的瞬态面波法很难比拟的。可以预见,随着稳态和瞬态方法、仪器的发展,两者互相促进,互为补充,必将进一步提高瑞利面波勘探的水平和解决各种复杂地质问题的能力。      

Eh ph Diagrams for mn, fe, co, ni, cu and as Under Seawater Conditions: Application of two new Types of eh ph Diagrams to the Study of Specific Problems in Marine Geochemistry

E_H pH diagrams have been calculated using the PHREEQC programme in order to establish the predominance fields of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and As in bottom waters from the Angola Basin. Predominance fields are presented separately for both aquatic species and solid mineral phases in order to simplify interpretation of the data. The diagrams show significant differences from standard E_H pH diagrams for these elements calculated for freshwater at 25 °C and 1 bar which assume an element concentration of 10^-6 M. In particular, our diagrams show that Mn²⁺ and NiCO ₃ ⁰ are the predominant aquatic species for Mn and Ni in bottom seawater and FeOOH, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, CoFe₂O₄, CuFe₂O₄, CuFeO₂, and Ba₃ (AsO₄)₂ the predominant solid phases for Fe, Co, Cu and As, respectively. Mn and Ni are therefore undersaturated and Fe, Co, Cu and As supersaturated in bottom seawater from the Angola Basin. Neither rhodochrosite (MnCO₃) nor siderite (FeCO₃) can form in this marine environment in equilibrium with seawater. A mixed Mn-Ca carbonate is therefore formed within the pore waters of reducing sediments. The high Ni/Cu ratios in cobalt-rich manganese crusts formed adjacent to the oxygen minimum zone may be explained by the change from Cu²⁺ to CuCl ₃ ^2- as the dominant aquatic species of Cu in seawater at an E_H of +0.48 V.     

基于溃变理论的沙尘大风天气预测研究

依据溃变理论和溃变V-3θ结构图的信息数字化,预测天气的转折性变化取得了应用的有效性突破。文中针对沙尘大风天气的预测分析,利用单站探空资料的特性层资料,通过V-3θ图直观反映大气层结的滚流方向、稳定度和水汽含量等信息,以此判断大风、沙尘天气的转折性变化。结果表明,沙尘大风发生前,V-3θ图中位温(θ)、露点温度的假相当位温(θsed)曲线非常靠近,θ曲线左倾明显,整层大气存在顺滚流,且对流层上层存在"超低温"现象;当θsed曲线数值增大,明显靠右,则表明沙尘大风天气将结束。溃变图方法显示了简捷、直观和应用有效的特征。     

Apatite as an indicator mineral for mineral exploration: trace-element compositions and their relationship to host rock type

Over 700 apatite grains from a range of rock types have been analysed by laser-ablation microprobe ICPMS for 28 trace elements, to investigate the potential usefulness of apatite as an indicator mineral in mineral exploration. Apatites derived from different rock types have distinctive absolute and relative abundances of many trace elements (including rare-earth elements (REE), Sr, Y, Mn, Th), and chondrite-normalised trace-element patterns. The slope of chondrite-normalised REE patterns varies systematically from ultramafic through mafic/intermediate to highly fractionated granitoid rock types. (Ce/Yb)_cn is very high in apatites from carbonatites and mantle-derived lherzolites (over 100 and over 200, respectively), while (Ce/Yb)_cn values in apatites from granitic pegmatites are generally less than 1, reflecting both HREE enrichment and LREE depletion. Within a large suite of apatites from granitoid rocks, chemical composition is closely related to both the degree of fractionation and the oxidation state of the magma, two important parameters in determining the mineral potential of the magmatic system. Apatite can accept high levels of transition and chalcophile elements and As, making it feasible to recognise apatite associated with specific types of mineralisation. Multivariate statistical analysis has provided a user-friendly scheme to distinguish apatites from different rock types, based on contents of Sr, Y, Mn and total REE, the degree of LREE enrichment and the size of the Eu anomaly. The scheme can be used for the recognition of apatites from specific rock types or styles of mineralisation, so that the provenance of apatite grains in heavy mineral concentrates can be determined and used in geochemical exploration.     

双峰型非均匀沙推移运动特性及输移规律

采用图像识别与推移质动态监测技术,开展基于双峰型非均匀推移质的系列水槽试验.通过引入反映床面粗糙度、粘性底层特性与颗粒非均匀度η(粗细比)的综合水流强度函数Ψ_b、特征弗劳德数Fr_b,系统研究了不同水流强度与床沙组成条件下的推移质输移特性以及颗粒非均匀度对输沙率的影响.通过对关键因子的辨识与量纲分析,提出了双峰型非均匀推移质输移模式,建立了基于近壁特征因子的水流强度Ψ_b与非均匀推移质输移强度Φ'的函数关系.对双峰型底沙输移机理的分析表明,非均匀沙的组成特征使得η成为影响Φ'的重要参量;正是细粒对粗粒的解怙作用对粗沙运动产生重要影响,使推移质输移率与颗粒非均匀度间呈现驼峰关系,峰值对应的粗细比η_c约为3∶7.     

Li,K／Cl,SO4—H2O体系相平衡的热力学

介绍了根据自己研究测定的Li,K/Cl,SO4-H2O体系25℃的渗透系数等热力学性质获得的Pitzer混合参数，并用自己能量小化方法计算25℃Li,K/Cl,SO4-H2O体系的相图，结合测定得到的该体系50℃75℃的相图和复盐LiSO4转变温度的研究，整个体系相平衡和热力学的研究结果可用于盐湖卤水锂盐的分离提取。     

控导浅层急流的潜没式三角翼体特性研究

宽浅陡槽水流试验研究表明,浅层急流的阻力大、稳定性差。当陡槽(B/h<40,h_k>1.04 m)末端水流呈"马鞍型"动量横向分布时,水流具有较强的稳定性;而当陡槽(B/h>40,hk<1.04 m)末端水流呈"椭圆型"动量横向分布时,就缺乏抗干扰能力,导致下游形成平面涡旋并挤压水跃。基于"介入式"方法,提出了采用潜没式三角翼体来调控浅层急流。利用三角翼对两翼底层水流产生的扰动产生两翼优势流,从而使水体能够抑制边界微小扰动的"多米诺骨牌"累加递增效应,提高了水流整体稳定性,改善了下游水流的衔接消能,效果良好。在此基础上,对三角翼体调控水流动量分布的机理进行了分析,探讨了三角翼体型设计原则及量纲一体型因子k的确定方法。     

用逐次面积矩法解简单超静定梁

本文用逐次面积矩法解超静定梁。这是一种简单的方法,只要画出多余未知力的单位弯矩图,计算出它的面积,一次矩,二次矩,三次矩,然后按照梁上的载荷建立变形协调方程,多余未知力即可算出。     

基于Voronoi图的公共服务设施布局优化方法

公共服务设施的布局优化中一般要考虑两类因子:几何因子与社会经济因子,但现有的方法大多侧重于某一类因子或者其中的部分信息。本文使用Voronoi图为主要的分析手段,给出了基于人口导向、面积导向以及人口-面积综合导向的三种不同的布局优化方法,对现有的设施点进行保留、删除或在此基础上新增服务设施点。通过反复分析,最终实现多类设施空间布局的优化。     

快速绘制道路横断面图的一种新方法

精确、快速地绘制横断面图是道路测量人员需要解决的难点,横断面图是道路工程计算土方量的惟一依据,因此受到许多施工单位的重视。本文使用Excel编辑Auto CAD命令的方法,使Excel处理的横断面数据、Auto CAD命令与AutoCAD绘制过程三者进行灵活链接。详细阐述了在不需要专业编程知识的情况下,利用Auto CAD和Excel精确自动地绘制道路横断面图的一种新方法。该方法不仅简单灵活,而且能提高工作效率以及保证工作质量。