A Quaternary Solution Model for White Micas Based on Natural Coexisting Phengite-Paragonite Pairs

A thermodynamic model for the quaternary white mica solid solutionwith end-members muscovite–Mg-celadonite–paragonite–Fe-celadonite(Ms–MgCel–Pg–FeCel) is presented. The interactionenergies for the MgCel–Pg join, the FeCel–Pg joinand the ternary interactions were obtained from natural coexistingphengite–paragonite pairs. Phengite–paragonite pairswere selected based on the criteria that their chemical compositionsmay be represented as a linear combination of the model end-membercompositions and that the respective formation conditions (350–650°C,4–21 kbar) are accurately known. Previously publishedexcess free energy expressions were used for the Ms–Pg,Ms–MgCel and Ms–FeCel binaries. The suggested mixingmodel was tested by calculating multicomponent equilibrium phasediagrams. This proved to be particularly well suited to reproducecompositional variations of white micas from amphibolite-faciesmetapelites. KEY WORDS: white mica; solution model; equilibrium phase diagrams     

Phase Relations and Chemical Composition of Phengite and Paragonite in Pelitic Schists During Decompression: a Case Study from the Monte Rosa Nappe and Camughera-Moncucco Unit, Western Alps

The metamorphic evolution of metapelites from the eastern partof the Monte Rosa nappe and the Camughera–Moncucco unit,both situated in the upper Penninic units SW of the Simplonline, were investigated using microstructural relationshipsand equilibrium phase diagrams. The units under considerationexperienced pre-Alpine amphibolite-facies conditions and underwenta complex metamorphic evolution during the Alpine orogeny. Peakpressures during an early Alpine high-pressure stage of 12·5–16kbar were similar in the Monte Rosa nappe and Camughera–Moncuccounit. A pronounced thermal gradient is indicated during decompressionleading to an amphibolite-facies overprint, as the decompressionpaths went through the chlorite, biotite and plagioclase stabilityfields in most of the Monte Rosa nappe, through the staurolitefield in the easternmost Monte Rosa nappe and in the Camughera–Moncuccounit, and through the sillimanite field in the easternmost Camughera–Moncuccounit. In high-Al metapelites the initial formation of stauroliteis related to continuous paragonite breakdown and associatedformation of biotite. In the course of this reaction phengitebecomes successively sodium enriched. In low-Al metapelites,in contrast, the initial staurolite formation occurs via thecontinuous breakdown of sodium-rich phengite. In both low- andhigh-Al metapelites the largest volume of staurolite is formedduring the continuous breakdown of sodium-rich phengite belowP–T conditions of about 9·5 kbar at 600–650°C.During this reaction phengite becomes successively potassiumenriched as sodium from phengite is used to form the albitecomponent in plagioclase. For ‘normal’ pelitic chemistries,phengite becomes Na enriched during decompression through thebreakdown of paragonite along a near-isothermal decompressionpath. The Na content in phengite reaches its maximum when paragoniteis entirely consumed. During further decompression the paragonitecomponent in phengite decreases again because Na is preferentiallyincorporated into the albite component of plagioclase. KEY WORDS: metapelites; white mica; high pressure; equilibrium diagrams; Western Alps     

Theory of Volumetric Moving Dislocation in Poroelastic Halfspace and Characterization of Magma Intrusion Events

The undrained change in pore fluid pressure that accompanies dike intrusion may be conveniently represented as a moving volumetric dislocation. The concept of a dilation center was developed to represent the field of undrained pressure change in a saturated linear elastic medium. Since instantaneous pore fluid pressures can be developed to a considerable distance from the dislocation, monitoring the rate of pressure generation and subsequent pressure dissipation in a fully coupled manner enables certain characteristics of the resulting dislocation to be defined. The principal focus of this study is the application of dislocation-based methods to analyze the behavior of the fluid pressure response induced by intrusive dislocations in a semi-infinite space, such as dike intrusion, hydraulic fracturing and piezometar insertion. Partially drained pore pressures result from the isothermal introduction of volumetric moving pencil-like dislocations described as analogs to moving point dislocation within a semi-infinite saturated elastic medium. To represent behavior within the halfspace, an image dislocation is positioned under the moving coordinate frame fixed to the front of the primary moving dislocation, to yield an approximate solution for pore pressure for constant fluid pressure conditions. Induced pore pressures are concisely described under a minimum set of dimensionless parameter groupings representing propagation velocity, and relative geometry. Charts defining induced pore fluid pressure at a static measuring point provide a meaningful tool for determining unknown parameters in data reduction. Two intrusive events at Krafla, Iceland are examined using the type curve matching techniques. Predicted parameters agree favorably with field data.     

Two kinds of moment ratio diagrams and their applications in hydrology

We refocus attention on moment ratio diagrams and their uses in hydrology with four major objectives: (1) to summarize the information available in the literature about possible uses of the traditional moment ratio diagram introduced by Karl Pearson, which uses the coefficient of skewness and of kurtosis to compare the shapes of various distributions commonly used in hydrology; (2) to complete this traditional MRD by integrating into it the regions occupied by the log-Pearson Type III and generalized gamma distributions which are more and more used in hydrology; (3) to present another MRD which uses ratios of moments of orders –1 (harmonic mean), quasi zero (geometric mean) and 1 (arithmetic mean); (4) to stress the need to consider the different MRD's (along with the more recently introduced L-moment ratio diagrams) as complementary tools for choosing between distributions fitted to hydrologic data. Finally, using Monte Carlo simulation we compare the two types of diagrams as tools to identify and discriminate between different distributions.     

Marine boundary layer characteristics during a cyclonic storm over the Bay of Bengal

During the period 12–16 June 1996 a tropical cyclonic storm formed over the southwest Bay of Bengal and moved in a north-northeasterly direction. The thermodynamic characteristics of this system are investigated by utilizing the surface and upper air observations collected onboardORV Sagar Kanya over the Bay of Bengal region. The response of the cyclonic storm is clearly evident from the ship observations when the ship was within the distance of 600–800 km from the cyclonic storm. This study explores why (i) the whole atmosphere from surface to 500 hPa had become warm and moist during the cyclonic storm period as compared to before and after the formation of this system and (ii) the lower layer of the atmosphere had become stable during the formative stage of the cyclonic storm.     

中国东部中生代钾质火成岩研究中的几个问题

本文探讨当前中国东部中生代钾质火成岩研究中存在的几个问题，即：“C型埃达克岩”的成因、无负Eu异常粗面岩—正长岩的成因、火成岩组合的K60值推算造山带地壳厚度的可信度，和玄武岩构造环境判别图解对中国东部中生代钾质基性岩的适用性。本文认为：①中国东部中生代“C型埃达克岩”有多种成岩过程，并非仅仅源于下地壳物质的部分熔融。②加厚下地壳部分熔融不能形成无负Eu异常的粗面岩—正长岩，同时“C型埃达克岩”与玄武质岩石高压条件下部分熔融产物在钾含量方面具有显著的差别。③火成岩组合的K60值不能用于估算中国东部中生代造山带地壳厚度。④一些常用的玄武岩构造环境地球化学判别图解并不适用于中国东部中生代钾质基性岩。     

The petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas reconsidered: Ti-V and Nb-Th

Tectonic discrimination diagrams are a key tool for understanding ancient volcanic rock origins. In this contribution we compile over 15,000 whole rock compositions to re-evaluate the Ti-V discrimination diagram and compare it to another commonly used tool, the Nb/Yb-Th/Yb diagram. We have reformulated the Ti-V diagram into a log–log plot to distinguish samples more clearly at lower concentrations. The compilation shows that MORB are dominated by Ti/V = 20–43, whereas juvenile arc tholeiites and boninites are characterized by Ti/V < 20 generally, although there is minor overlap at the boundary (Ti/V = 20–22). Plume-related volcanic rocks (ocean island basalts, oceanic plateaux, and continental flood basalts) generally have Ti/V > 43, although there may be significant overlap with MORB-like ratios for ridge-centered OIB and for some oceanic plateaux. About 56% of alkaline OIB have Ti/V > 70. Back-arc basins are dominantly MORB-like. Melt models show that MORB and juvenile arc volcanics most likely formed under different ?O₂ conditions, but are permissive of similar ?O₂ if the arc rocks form by much higher melt fractions. The Nb/Yb vs. Th/Yb plot clearly distinguishes most oceanic basalts (MORB, plateaux, OIB) from subduction-related volcanic rocks (boninite, juvenile arc tholeiite, calc-alkaline) and from flood basalts. We propose here a new two-proxy diagram of Ti/V vs. Th/Nb, which incorporates the advantages of both.     

岩石大地构造学说的兴起、没落与新生

在板块构造环境中形成的岩石组合(rock assemblages)被称为岩石大地构造组合(petrotectonic assemblages)。岩石大地构造学说创立于20世纪70~80年代,经历了兴起、没落与新生的曲折过程。研究表明,由Pearce等学者创立的岩石大地构造学说的理论基本正确,概括来说,洋中脊、洋岛和岛弧三大构造背景的源区是不同的,这是玄武岩判别图的理论基础。目前的情况是,三大构造背景源区不均一性可能比早先认为的更复杂。由于不同构造环境源区的复杂性,早先的玄武岩判别图采用的是抽样数据、典型地区、精确数据,显然不适合全球数据海量积累的情况,遂使玄武岩判别理论遇到了瓶颈。我们的研究发现,不同构造背景的所有岩石、矿物(包括玄武岩、苦橄岩、辉长岩、堆晶岩、橄榄石、单斜辉石、尖晶石等)几乎都保留了不同构造背景的“基因”信息,并且大多可采用大数据方法予以识别,遂使岩石大地构造学说焕发了青春。虽然本文提出了不同构造环境存在不同“基因”的假说,按照大数据方法判别的效果显著增加了。但是,这个不同构造背景的“基因”究竟是什么仍然不清楚。此外,上述“基因”假说的理论解释还非常不足,需要今后进一步探讨。     

Channel flow competence and sediment transport in upland streams in southeast Australia

Bedload transport data from planebed and step‐pool reach types are used to determine grain size transport thresholds for selected upland streams in southeast Australia. Morphological differences between the reach types allow the effects of frictional losses from bedforms, microtopography and bed packing to be incorporated into the dimensionless critical shear stress value. Local sediment transport data are also included in a regime model and applied to mountain streams, to investigate whether empirical data improve the delineation of reach types on the basis of dimensionless discharge per unit width (q*) and dimensionless bedload transport (q_b*). Instrumented planebed and step‐pool sites are not competent to transport surface median grains (D_50s) at bankfull discharge (Q_bf). Application of a locally parametrized entrainment equation to the full range of reach types in the study area indicates that the majority of cascades, cascade‐pools, step‐pools and planebeds are also not competent at Q_bf and require a 10 year recurrence interval flood to mobilize their D_50s. Consequently, the hydraulic parameters of the regime diagram, which assume equilibrium conditions at bankfull, are ill suited to these streams and provide a poor basis of channel delineation. Modifying the diagram to better reflect the dominant transported bedload size (equivalent to the D₁₆ of surface sediment) made only slight improvements to reach delineation and had greatest effect on the morphologies with smaller surface grain sizes such as forced pool‐riffles and planebeds. Likewise, the Corey shape factor was incorporated into the regime diagram as an objective method for adjusting a base dimensionless critical shear stress (τ*_c50b) to account for lithologically controlled grain shape on bed packing and entrainment. However, it too provided only minor adjustments to reach type delineation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.