Parameter sensitivity of automated baseflow separation for snowmelt‐dominated watersheds and new filtering procedure for determining end of snowmelt period

Automation in baseflow separation procedures allowed fast and convenient baseflow and baseflow index (BF and BFI) estimation for studies including multiple watersheds and covering large spatio‐temporal scales. While most of the existing algorithms are developed and tested extensively for rainfall‐ and baseflow‐dominated systems, little attention is paid on their suitability for snowmelt‐dominated systems. Current publishing practice in regional‐scale studies is to omit BF and BFI uncertainty evaluation or sensitivity analysis. Instead, “standard” and “previously recommended” parameterizations are transferred from rainfall/BF to snowmelt‐dominated systems. We believe that this practice should be abandoned. First, we demonstrate explicitly that the three most popular heuristic automated BF separation methods—Lyne–Hollick and Eckhardt recursive digital filters, and the U.K. Institute of Hydrology smoothed minima method—produce a wide range of annual BF and BFI estimates due to parameter sensitivity during the annual snowmelt period. Then, we propose a solution for cases when BF and BFI calibration is not possible, namely excluding the snowmelt‐dominated period from the analysis. We developed an automated filtering procedure, which divides the hydrograph into pre‐snowbelt, post‐snowmelt, and snowmelt periods. The filter was tested successfully on 218 continuous water years of daily streamflow data for four snowmelt‐dominated headwater watersheds located in Wyoming (60–837 km²). The post‐snowmelt BF and BFI metric can be used for characterizing summer low‐flows for snowmelt‐dominated systems. Our results show that post‐snowmelt BF and BFI sensitivity to filter parameterization is reduced compared with the sensitivity of annual BF and BFI and is similar to the sensitivity levels for rainfall/baseflow systems.     

The Fill–Spill Hydrology of Prairie Wetland Complexes during Drought and Deluge

The fill–spill of surface depressions (wetlands) results in intermittent surface water connectivity between wetlands in the prairie wetland region of North America. Dynamic connectivity between wetlands results in dynamic contributing areas for runoff. However, the effect of fill–spill and the resultant variable or dynamic basin contributing area has largely been disregarded in the hydrological community. Long‐term field observations recorded at the St. Denis National Wildlife Area, Saskatchewan, allow fill–spill in the basin to be identified and quantified. Along with historical water‐level observations dating back to 1968, recent data collected for the basin include snow surveys, surface water survey and production of a light detection and ranging–derived digital elevation model. Data collection for the basin includes both wet and dry antecedent basin conditions during spring runoff events. A surface water survey at St. Denis in 2006 reveals a disconnected channel network during the spring freshet runoff event. Rather than 100% of the basin contributing runoff to the outlet, which most hydrological models assume, only approximately 39% of the basin contributes to the outlet. Anthropogenic features, such as culverts and roads, were found to influence the extent and spatial distribution of contributing areas in the basin. Historical pond depth records illustrate the effect of antecedent basin conditions on fill–spill and basin contributing area. A large pond at the outlet of the St. Denis basin, which only receives local runoff during dry years when upstream surface storage has not been satisfied, has pond runoff volumes that increase by a factor of 20 or more during wet years when upstream antecedent basin surface storage is satisfied and basin‐wide runoff contributes to the pond. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩石I型裂纹定向扩展规律试验研究

为精准获得岩石I型裂纹扩展演化全过程,采用一种简易裂纹定向扩展装置开展了不同岩性试样裂纹扩展试验研究,借助声发射及数字散斑技术对裂纹扩展全过程进行了监测,建立了裂纹定向扩展力学模型,分析了裂纹扩展过程中声发射及变形场的演化规律,提出了评价岩石I型裂纹扩展难易程度的能量指标CE,探讨了I型裂纹定向起裂扩展机制。结果表明：该简易裂纹定向扩展装置能够有效实现I型裂纹沿预定方向稳定扩展,其起裂角均小于10º,同时通过简化力学模型计算得到白砂岩、灰砂岩的裂纹扩展峰值强度与巴西劈裂抗拉强度相比偏差分别为22.76%、7.53%;根据变形场演化规律,可将裂纹扩展分为微裂隙发育（散斑变形场分区不明显）、主控裂纹孕育（散斑变形场出现分区现象）和主控裂纹扩展3个阶段;声发射演化过程可分为平静期、缓增期、急增期和降低期4个阶段,由于灰砂岩相较于白砂岩质地更致密、更坚硬,导致其声发射平静期长,而后3个阶段持续时间短;将载荷−位移曲线峰前与峰后的面积之比定义为评价岩石I型裂纹扩展难易程度的能量指标CE,计算得到灰砂岩、白砂岩的CE分别为13～16、1～2,表明CE可有效评价岩石I型裂纹扩展难易程度;岩石I型裂纹起裂扩展机制可概况为：在加载峰值前裂隙尖端受最大拉应力作用,存储的弹性能快速增加、耗散能缓慢增加,但在加载峰值后裂隙尖端存储弹性能超过其储能极限迅速释放,此时输入能大部分转化为耗散能促进主控裂纹快速扩展。后续将对裂纹定向扩展试验装置进一步优化改进,以期为裂纹扩展机制、岩石破坏前兆信息、裂纹止裂原理等研究提供一种新方法,同时为工程现场煤岩层定向爆破、压裂、止裂等相关技术优化提供理论指导。     

水力裂缝穿越非连续面扩展时的断裂过程研究

非连续面发育是非常规油气储层的显著地质特征之一,水力裂缝能否穿越非连续面扩展会关系到压裂的改造效果。为研究水力裂缝穿越非连续面扩展时断裂过程区（fracture process zone,简称FPZ）发育特征,采用自主设计的可视化压裂试验装置对含预制摩擦界面的砂岩平板试件开展水力压裂试验。基于数字图像相关法实时监测了水力裂缝正交穿越界面扩展过程中的位移及应变场特征。试验结果表明,水力裂缝穿越界面扩展之前,断裂过程区已经开始跨越界面发育;裂缝能否穿越界面扩展在FPZ的初始发育阶段已经注定,不受FPZ内应力软化过程影响。基于Renshaw-Pollard准则建立了考虑FPZ边界范围的裂缝穿越非连续面扩展准则,并通过前人及文中试验数据进行了可靠性验证。相比而言,改进准则更准确地考虑了裂缝前端线弹性断裂力学的适用范围。研究发现FPZ长宽比对裂缝穿越界面扩展准则有显著影响,相同条件下,FPZ长宽比越大,裂缝正交穿越界面扩展所需要的摩擦系数下限值越小。     

基于3D-DIC技术岩石广义应力松弛特性试验研究

基于可视化三轴压缩伺服控制试验系统和三维数字图像相关技术(简称3D-DIC技术),开展了不同流变方向系数α下的广义应力松弛试验,对广义应力松弛过程中砂岩表面的应变演化规律进行了探讨。研究结果表明:在流变过程中若砂岩有发生破坏的趋势,其表面的轴向、径向应变场的应变集中区域逐步显现,轴向应变集中区域由层状离散分布逐渐向即将出现裂纹的位置集中,而径向应变场中在裂纹即将形成区域附近应变增长速率最快。不同表面位置轴向、径向应变差异的演化速率与其整体演化速率的变化趋势呈现正相关,在即将形成裂纹附近的轴向、径向应变变化量发展经历减速、等速、加速3个阶段,而远离裂纹处的应变则可能先增大后减小,不同位置应变值的等时曲线演化则预示裂纹即将形成的区域。随着流变方向系数α由0.3、0、-3.0、∞、3.0依次变迁,流变过程中轴向、径向应变场整体演化的均值与方差均上升,说明其演化速率加快,应变集中现象更显著,且砂岩破坏前后的应变场演化差异增大。     

Underwater Terrain Positioning Method Based on Least Squares Estimation for AUV

To achieve accurate positioning of autonomous underwater vehicles, an appropriate underwater terrain database storage format for underwater terrain-matching positioning is established using multi-beam data as underwater terrain-matching data. An underwater terrain interpolation error compensation method based on fractional Brownian motion is proposed for defects of normal terrain interpolation, and an underwater terrain-matching positioning method based on least squares estimation (LSE) is proposed for correlation analysis of topographic features. The Fisher method is introduced as a secondary criterion for pseudo localization appearing in a topographic features flat area, effectively reducing the impact of pseudo positioning points on matching accuracy and improving the positioning accuracy of terrain flat areas. Simulation experiments based on electronic chart and multi-beam sea trial data show that drift errors of an inertial navigation system can be corrected effectively using the proposed method. The positioning accuracy and practicality are high, satisfying the requirement of underwater accurate positioning.     

海图更新自动检测系统的设计与实现

海图更新通常是局部要素更新、但是为了防止误操作或拓扑关系变化等原因造成未更新区域要素变化,需要对全图进行检查验收,大大降低了生产效率,同时也增加了人为出错概率。以海图未更新区域自动检测为研究对象,从局部要素更新海图的质量检查内容和特点出发,结合海图更新出版流程,提出了基于数字海图矢量数据比对的质量检查方法,设计了自动更新检测流程,实现了局部更新海图未更新区域要素数据的自动质量检查。应用实践证明,文中提出的方法提高了局部要素更新海图的质量水平和质量检查效率。     

大数据时代数字化城市管理智慧应用实践

首先介绍了全国数字化城市管理事业和大数据技术发展现状,并结合"互联网+"时代技术发展趋势和全国智慧城市建设浪潮,开展基于城市管理综合数据的智慧应用研究,提升城市现代化治理能力和公共服务水平,为推动"数字城管"向"智慧城管"发展演变提供借鉴参考。     

一种基于TIN的地形特征点生成方法

介绍了一种在不规则三角网上进行地形特征点生成的方法,可以自动实现地形特征分析、特征信息提取、地形正负向趋势判断、以及地形细节精细化等,较好地解决了用等高线做数据源构建不规则三角网时出现的地形细节信息不足以及地形细节信息丢失等问题,可以广泛应用于DEM数据更新精化、水文分析、地学分析等领域。     

基于Plücker直线的机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准

机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准是地物提取的关键。本文提出了基于Plücker直线的机载LiDAR点云与航空影像的配准模型。基于三维线空间线变换Plücker直线方程,确定点云和影像中的同名直线间的相对位姿关系,建立Plücker直线共面条件方程,通过影像上的Plücker直线在三维线空间中的螺旋运动,实现像点到其对应LiDAR点的坐标变换。结果表明,Plücker直线共面条件配准模型简洁,将旋转和平移统一处理,避免了两者间的耦合误差,提高了配准精度,为获取高质量的地球三维空间信息提供了技术支持。