Restoring Halite Fluid Inclusions as an Accurate Palaeothermometer: Brillouin Thermometry Versus Microthermometry

Halite traps inclusions of the mother fluid when precipitating. When unchanged, the density of these fluid inclusions (FIs) records the water temperature T_f at the time of crystal formation. As halite is ubiquitous on Earth and geological time, its FIs possess a high potential as temperature archives. However, the use of FIs in halite as an accurate palaeothermometer has been hampered due to limitations of microthermometry, the most commonly used analytical method. Here, we show how Brillouin spectroscopy in halite FIs bypasses these limitations and allows recovering T_f to within 1 °C or less. To demonstrate this, we measured samples synthesised at 24.6 ± 0.5 °C and 33 ± 1 °C, and obtained 24.8 ± 0.4 °C and 31.9 ± 0.4 °C, respectively. This novel approach thus provides an accurate palaeothermometer for lacustrine and marine environments. Moreover, Brillouin spectroscopy solves the long‐standing debate on damage of halite fluid inclusions through quantifying the acceptable temperature excursion for preserving elastic behaviour: [l/(1 µm)]^?0.64 × (90 °C), where l is the FI size. This threshold is lower for FIs close to the surface of the host crystal or to another FI. We also list ‘best practices’ for applying both microthermometry and Brillouin thermometry.     

利用薄膜扩散平衡技术分析沉积物间隙水溶解态反应性磷

沉积物间隙水溶解态反应性磷(SRP)是反映沉积物磷地球化学特征的敏感指标,对其高分辨率获取一直是难点.基于薄膜扩散平衡(DET)原理,以琼脂糖为原料制备薄膜,通过平衡、切片、提取、测定等步骤,获得溶解态反应性磷的含量信息.实验确定薄膜在磷溶液中的平衡时间为24h,通过0.25mol/L硝酸提取16h可将薄膜萃取的磷提取完全.利用DET技术对不同沉积物间隙水SRP进行了分析,与实际浓度的差异在±5%以内;对沉积物剖面的分析结果与Rhizon、微型Peeper等采样技术基本一致,垂直分辨率可达到3mm左右.利用DET技术对太湖草型和藻型湖区沉积物间隙水SRP进行丁分析,发现草型湖区间隙水剖面SRP呈峰形分布,且横向空间分异明显;藻型湖区间隙水SRP随沉积深度的增加呈升高趋势,扩散梯度随水温升高而增强.     

白洋淀沉积物氮磷赋存特征及其内源负荷

白洋淀环境整治对区域生态文明建设具有重要意义,然而,目前对加剧白洋淀富营养化的内源氮、磷污染负荷依然缺乏系统的研究.本研究以野外调研和室内培养实验相结合形式,在白洋淀主要水域内采集原位柱状沉积物样品,详细地研究了白洋淀沉积物中氮、磷赋存形态、间隙水中氮、磷剖面特征以及沉积物-水界面氮、磷交换特征.结果表明,白洋淀沉积物总氮、总磷含量分别为1230.8~9559.0 mg/kg（均值2379.5 mg/kg）和344.4~915.4 mg/kg（均值608.4 mg/kg）,氮、磷累积污染量大.沉积物中铵态氮赋存量大（3.2~175.8 mg/kg）,由此导致间隙水中铵态氮浓度较高,最高达到28.8 mg/L.沉积物磷形态以Ca-P和Fe-P为主,分别占总量的38.3%~76.1%和3.98%~18.0%,间隙水中磷酸盐浓度已接近甚至高于国内外典型富营养湖区.间隙水中高浓度的铵态氮和磷酸盐导致沉积物-水界面氮、磷交换通量较高,铵态氮平均释放和扩散通量分别为106.37和12.42 mg/（m²·d）;磷酸盐平均释放和扩散通量分别为15.06和2.33 mg/（m²·d）,沉积物内源氮、磷污染负荷较高,已严重威胁到白洋淀水环境质量,迫切需要整治.其中,北部河口区域以及中部府河入湖区和人口密集活动区沉积物氮、磷内源负荷尤为突出,应成为白洋淀沉积物内源污染整治的关键区域.     

金塔绿洲土壤中蒸发/凝结过程的初步分析

利用2005年6月27日～7月4日金塔绿洲地表及0.40m土壤温度观测资料作为边界条件,结合一维土壤热传导方程计算了该时段0.05,0.10和0.20m深处的土壤温度。通过比较同时段观测值与计算值的观测,发现0.05m深处的土壤温度计算值与观测值的差异最大。结果表明,在方程中只需简单考虑浅层土壤蒸发/凝结过程,便可以使...     

Analysis of rainfall‐runoff relation in paddy fields by diffusive tank model

Due to the occurrence of ponding during the period of rice growth, the analyses of rainfall‐runoff in paddy fields are different from those in general lands. The diffusive tank model has been successfully applied in rainfall‐runoff simulations in paddy fields because it can well describe the features of the local water flow. In most of the applications of this model, although the determination of the related model parameters is important, detailed investigations on each individual parameter are definitely needed to improve the accuracy of the results. In the study, an improved procedure is proposed to determine certain variables involved in the diffusive tank model and the application is conducted in a field area in Taiwan. In the application, the roughness of the river channel was assessed according to the actual field conditions. Instead of using the observed water levels in each rainfall event, the notch width of the rectangular contracted weir per unit area was evaluated by direct field measurements to calibrate the discharge coefficient. Test results from the selected field in six rainfall events showed that the local average value of the notch width of the rectangular contracted weir per unit area was 1·025 m/ha. Compared to the results of field measurements, the relative errors of the predictions were within 3% in all tests of rainfall events. In addition, for different types of catchment partitions, it was found that the corresponding weir discharge coefficients remained roughly unchanged. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preliminary Results from an Astrophysically Relevant Radiation Transfer Experiment

The results of a diffusive radiation transport experiment in a simple geometry are presented. The experiment depends primarily on two variables, the target density and the temperature drive, which are characterized well. The experiment is designed to verify and validate radiation transport in codes. The codes can then be used to model astrophysical systems. The results of the experiments are found to be in good agreement with simulation results.     

应用梯度扩散薄膜技术评价天然富硒土壤中硒的生物有效性

有效硒是评价土壤中硒对植物供给能力的重要指标,中国目前尚无测定土壤有效硒的统一方法.化学提取法、土壤溶液法常用于测定土壤有效硒含量,但存在缺乏普遍适用提取剂类型、目标态提取不完全和对非目标态溶解等问题.梯度扩散薄膜(DGT)技术是一种基于解离、扩散动力学的有效态测定方法,已有学者将其应用于土壤有效硒的测定并取得良好效果...     

温带森林土壤溶液溶解性N2O和CO2含量特征及其影响机制

利用陶瓷头土壤溶液收集器采集2006年7月～2007年8月问长白山阔叶红松天然林不同深度(15cm和60 cm)土壤溶液,探讨应用气液萃取平衡-气相色谱法测定森林土壤溶液中溶解性气体N_2O和CO_2浓度的可行性,并利用此方法研究林地不同深度土壤溶液中两种气体含量特征及其影响机理.研究结果显示观测期内林地15 cm和60 cm深度土壤溶液中溶解性CO_2浓度的变化范围分别为5.26～10.71μg·mL~(-1)(C)和3.13～6.16 μg·mL~(-1)(C),溶解性N_2O浓度的变化范围分别为2.44～13.40 ng·mL~(-1)(N)和3.23～27.98 ng·mL~(-1)(N).阔叶红松天然林土壤溶液中溶解性CO_2和N_2O浓度均呈现出明显的季节性变化.春融后的降水促进了土壤溶液中溶解性N_2O产生,尤其在60 cm深度.与60 cm深度相比,林地15 cm深度溶液中溶解性CO_2浓度的季节性变化更明显,尤其在植物生长旺季.逐步回归分析显示,水溶性有机碳含量可以解释林地不同深度溶液中溶解性CO_2浓度变化的29%;水溶性有机氮含量可以解释林地60 cm深度溶解性N_2O浓度变化的34%.因此,水溶性有机碳和有机氮分别是长白山阔叶红松林土壤溶液溶解性CO_2和N_2O形成的重要因子.同时研究结果表明本文实验方法对于测定林地不同深度土壤溶液中溶解性N_2O和CO_2含量均有较好的适用性,连续三次萃取后所获得的气体浓度可有效反映溶液中的实际气体浓度.     

南口-古崖居中生代双峰式岩墙群形成机制的地球化学制约

京北南口至延庆古崖居出露了一套延伸40km、由钾玄质岩石和花岗石组成的双峰式岩墙群。报道了岩墙群的同位素年龄，其K－Ar年龄为114－120Ma，Rb-Sr年龄为128Ma。对南口双峰式岩墙群的17个代表性样品进行了系统的元素地球化学分析，研究结果表明，酸性岩墙和基岩墙是同时来自两个独立的岩浆房，岩浆来自EMI型富集地幔。在此基础上，用岩浆不混熔的双扩散对流模式解释了两个层状岩浆房的形成，正是它们同时为双峰式岩墙群提供了物质来源。     

尖晶石在地幔橄榄岩部分熔融和亚固相平衡过程中的化学指示——实验研究及在自然岩石中的应用

以三组不同的重组的尖晶石橄榄岩为起始成分.在压力为0.10—0.15GPa和温度为1000—1380℃条件下,进行了系统的部分熔融和亚固相平衡实验。实验结果显示,在部分熔融过程中,尖晶石的Mg＃,即Mg/(Mg+Fe),和Cr＃,即Cr/(Cr+Al),随熔融度的增大而增大;在亚固相平衡过程中,尖晶石的Mg＃随温度的升高而增大,但Cr＃在纯橄榄岩中保持不变,而在二辉和方辉橄榄岩中稍有增大。尖晶石的Mg＃—Cr＃间反相近线性代表了一种非整体平衡的等热关系。计算模拟得到同样的结果。这同时被自然橄榄岩中尖晶石的Mg＃—Cr＃间的关系所证明。由于亚固相条件下平衡的结果,尖晶石的化学成分中只有Cr＃变化不大,故能用来衡量其所在岩体曾经受的相对熔融度。即尖晶石的Cr＃越大,所在岩体经受的熔融度越大。相反,尖晶石的Mg＃和Cr＃在岩浆结晶过程中应随温度的降低而减小;因此,可用玄武岩中尖晶石的Cr＃来指示其岩浆的原始Cr_2O_3/Al_2O_3特征,及用尖晶石的环带特征来探讨岩浆的演化(冷却速度,混染情况)。