Dehydration of metapelites during high‐P metamorphism: The coupling between fluid sources and fluid sinks

Polymetamorphic metapelites and embedded eclogites share a complex, episodic interplay of dehydration and fluid infiltration at the eclogite type‐locality (Saualpe–Koralpe, Eastern Alps, Austria). The metapelites inherited a fluid content (i.e. mineral‐bound OH expressed in terms of mol.% H₂O) of ～6–7 mol.% H₂O from high‐T–low‐P metamorphism experienced during the Permian. At or near P_max of the subsequent Eoalpine event (～20 kbar and 680^°C), the breakdown of paragonite to Na‐rich clinopyroxene and kyanite in metapelites released a discrete pulse of hydrous fluid. Prior to the dehydration event, the rocks were largely fluid absent, allowing only limited re‐equilibration during the prograde Eoalpine evolution. Similarly, Permian‐aged gabbros have persisted metastably due to the absence of a catalyst prior to fluid‐induced re‐equilibration. The fluid triggered partial to complete eclogitization along a fluid infiltration front partially preserved in metagabbro. Near‐isothermal decompression to ～7.5–10 kbar and 670–690°C took place under fluid‐absent conditions. After decompression, a second breakdown of phengitic white mica and garnet produced muscovite, biotite, plagioclase and ～0.1–0.7 mol.% H₂O that enhanced extensive fluid‐aided re‐equilibration of the metapelites. Potential relicts of high‐P assemblages were largely obliterated and replaced by the recurrent amphibolite facies assemblage garnet+biotite+staurolite+kyanite+muscovite+plagioclase+ilmenite+quartz. The hydrous fluid originating from the metapelites infiltrated the embedded eclogites at these P–T conditions and induced the local breakdown of the peak assemblage omphacite and garnet to fine‐grained symplectites of diopside and plagioclase. Further fluid infiltration led to the formation of hornblende–quartz poikiloblasts at the expense of the symplectites. The metapelites re‐equilibrated until the growth of retrograde staurolite consumed any remaining free fluid, thereby terminating the process. Further re‐equilibration is inhibited by both the lack of a catalytic fluid and H₂O as a reactant essential for rehydration reactions. The interplay between fluid sources and fluid sinks describes a closed cycle for the rocks at the eclogite type‐locality. Final, near‐isobaric cooling is indicated by a slight increase of X_Fe in garnet rims. Post‐decompression dehydration and fluid‐aided re‐equilibration arrested by the introduction of staurolite might explain the apparently homogeneous retrogression conditions as well as the notorious absence of diagnostic high‐P assemblages in metapelites at the eclogite type‐locality.     

A study to explain the emission of nitric oxide from a marsh soil

In the period 18–21 September 1989, soil NO emission was studied at Halvergate Marshes, Norfolk (U.K.) within the framework of the BIATEX-LOVENOX joint field experiment. Using a dynamic chamber technique, 186 measurements at four plots were performed showing a net NO flux of 7.2–14.6×10^–12 kgN m^–2 s^–1. Soil samples from a soil profile (1.0 m) at a representative site and from the uppermost layer (0.1 m) of each of the four plots were sent to the laboratory for (a) detailed physical and chemical soil analysis, (b) determination of NO production rates, NO uptake rate constants, and NO compensation mixing ratios, and (c) characterization of the microbial processes involved. A diffusive model (Galbally and Johansson, 1989) was applied to the laboratory results to infer NO fluxes of the individual soil samples. When we compared these fluxes with those measured in the field, we found agreement within a factor 2–4. Furthermore, laboratory studies showed, that NO was produced and consumed only in the upper soil layer (0–0.1 m depth) and that the NO production and consumption activities observed in the Halvergate marsh soil were most probably due to the anaerobic metabolism of denitrifying bacteria operating in anaerobic microniches within the generally aerobic soil.     

Problem of the Rotating Magnetoconvection in Variously Stratified Fluid Layer Revisited

The linear magnetoconvection in the rotating uniformly as well as non-uniformly stratified horizontal layer with azimuthal magnetic field is investigated for the various mechanical and electrical boundary conditions and especially, for various values of Roberts number. The developed diffusive perturbations (modes) are strongly influenced not only by the mentioned properties of boundaries but also by complicated coupling of viscous, thermal and magnetic diffusive processes. The mean electromotive force produced by developed hydromagnetic instabilities is also investigated to determine the hydromagnetic processes which are appropriate for -effect. The presented paper is an unification of hitherto published results of the authors and gives a short survey of many developments of corresponding model by Soward (1979).     

Measurements of Air Concentrations of SO2, NO2 and NH3 at Rural and Remote Sites in Asia

Sensitive diffusive samplers for concentration measurements in ambient airhave been used successfully in Sweden for several years. The samplers have theadvantage of being stable at room temperature before, as well as after,sampling, easy to handle, and cost-efficient. Furthermore, they do not requireelectricity or field calibration. In order to test their use in tropical andsubtropical environments and to obtain a preliminary set of data to validateatmospheric chemistry transport models in this part of the world, duplicatesamples were collected at 11 sites every second month during one year. Eightof the sites were background sites in Asia. It was not possible within theproject to compare the measured concentrations with other measurementtechniques. However, the reproducibility of the duplicates was satisfactoryover the whole measuring range (almost three orders of magnitude of theconcentration for SO₂) and reasonable agreement with modelcalculations was obtained at least for SO₂ andNH₃. Further testing of the measuring technique in tropicalareas is, however, warranted.     

2014年大西洋水在楚科奇边陲区域的上边界混合

This study presents an analysis of the CTD data and the turbulent microstructure data collected in 2014, the turbulent mixing environment above the Atlantic Water(AW) around the Chukchi Borderland region is studied.Surface wind becomes more efficient in driving the upper ocean movement along with the rapid decline of sea ice,thus results in a more restless interior of the Arctic Ocean. The turbulent dissipation rate is in the range of4.60×10~(–10)~(–3.31×10~(–9) W/kg with a mean value of 1.33×10~(–9) W/kg, while the diapycnal diffusivity is in the range of1.45×10~(–6)–1.46×10~(–5)m~2/s with a mean value of 4.84×10~(–6) m~2/s in 200–300 m(above the AW). After investigating on the traditional factors(i.e., wind, topography and tides) that may contribute to the turbulent dissipation rate, the results show that the tidal kinetic energy plays a dominating role in the vertical mixing above the AW. Besides, the swing of the Beaufort Gyre(BG) has an impact on the vertical shear of the geostrophic current and may contribute to the regional difference of turbulent mixing. The parameterized method for the double-diffusive convection flux above the AW is validated by the direct turbulent microstructure results.     

沉积物-水界面污染物迁移扩散的研究进展

污染物在沉积物-水界面的迁移扩散对研究其环境生物地球化学循环过程和评估水生态系统质量具有重要意义.本文回顾了关于沉积物-水界面的基本研究历程,重点介绍沉积物-水界面的垂向结构以及扩散边界层（DBL）的作用,展示污染物在沉积物-水界面的多维度分布（一维垂向、二维平面和三维立体）及其在沉积物-水界面的扩散过程,详细总结影响污染物在沉积物-水界面迁移扩散的环境因素（包括温度、溶解氧或氧化还原条件、pH值、离子强度或盐度、沉积物组成、共存污染物、溶解性有机质、水动力条件、生物扰动、微生物以及其他因素）,讨论当前关于沉积物-水界面污染物扩散通量估算几种方法的优缺点,最后,对沉积物-水界面污染物扩散研究在未来发展需要关注的几个方面进行了展望.     

Resistance of the diffusive boundary layer to salt release from saline sediments to freshwater

The diffusive boundary layer （DBL） is the zone for matter exchange between surface water and aquatic sediments. To elucidate the influence of DBL on salt release from saline sediments to freshwater, two experiments with or without wind blowing were conducted. According to the experiments, a 3.5 cm DBL is formed above the smoothed sediments at a steady wind field and this thickness is greater than other studies. The observed flux of salt through the DBL is 6% larger than the calculated value from Fick＇ s first law. The results indicate that molecular diffusion is the dominant mechanism for salt transport through the DBL. The presence of DBL suppresses the hydrodynamic enhancement for matter exchange between sediments and overlying water. Therefore, salts in the sediments of a polder reservoir may influence the water quality chronically.     

Comparison of two methods for ground level vapour sampling and influence of meteorological parameters on its stable isotopic composition at Roorkee,India

Ground level vapour (GLV) samples were collected at Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India using two methods: liquid condensation (LC) at 0 °C and cryogenic trap (CT) at ?78 °C for the period 2009–2011. The study reveals that there is a considerable fluctuation in stable isotopic composition of GLV throughout the year. The study area receives complex moisture source during different seasons, which is evident from the moisture flux received during different seasons. The isotopic composition of the GLV in both methods shows depleted nature during rainout process. CT method shows exact isotopic signature of GLV because of maximum trapping of air moisture and its condensation, whereas LC method shows depleted or enriched character because of the prevalence of kinetic and diffusive fractionation. The d value shows that LC method acts as magnifier of the CT method and clearly shows seasonal effect than the clustered CT method. Hence, to decipher the original isotopic signature of GLV, isotopic composition of GLV_LC can be converted to GLV_CT by deriving an empirical relationship with changing season and locations. Meteorological parameters show varied behaviour with GLV_{CT and LC} because of moisture sources in all seasons. The GLV_{CT and LC} method shows significant correlation with meteorological parameters when the region is dominated by single moisture source. The GLV_LC method magnifies the correlation with meteorological parameters when the region is influenced by more than one source. The study shows that the GLV_LC methods can be used in place of GLV_CT when the objective is to understand the influence of different moisture sources on GLV. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水中氢氧同位素不同分析方法的对比

采用在线的连续流Gasbench Ⅱ-IRMS和离线的Dual-inlet IRMS分析方法分析水样中氢氧同位素组成.对比两种分析系统结果表明,运用离线的Dual-inlet IRMS测定氢同位素,精密度均小于1‰,比在线的连续流Gasbench Ⅱ-IRMS重现性和精度好;运用离线的Dual-inlet IRMS和在...     

Equilibration and disequilibration between monazite and garnet: indication from phase‐composition and quantitative texture analysis

The integration of information which can be gained from accessory [i.e. age (t)] and rock‐forming minerals [i.e. temperature (T) and pressure (P)] requires a more profound understanding of the equilibration kinetics during metamorphic processes. This paper presents an approach comparing conventional P–T estimate from equilibrated assemblages of rock‐forming minerals with temperature data derived from yttrium‐garnet‐monazite (YGM) and yttrium‐garnet‐xenotime (YGX) geothermometry. Such a comparison provides an initial indication on differences between equilibration of major and trace elements. Regarding this purpose, two migmatites, two polycyclic and one monocyclic gneiss from the Central Alps (Switzerland, northern Italy) were investigated. While the polycyclic samples exhibit trace‐element equilibration between monazite and garnet grains assigned to the same metamorphic event, there are relics of monazite and garnet obviously surviving independent of their textural position. These observations suggest that surface processes dominate transport processes during equilibration of those samples. The monocyclic gneiss, on the contrary, displays rare isolated monazite with equilibration of all elements, despite comparably large transport distances. With a nearly linear crystal‐size distribution of the garnet grain population, growth kinetics, related to the major elements, were likely surface‐controlled in this sample. In contrast to these completely equilibrated examples, the migmatites indicate disequilibrium between garnet and monazite with a change in REE patterns on garnet transects. The cause for this disequilibrium may be related to a potential disequilibrium initiated by a changing bulk chemistry during melt segregation. While migmatite environments are expected to support high transport rates (i.e. high temperatures and melt presence), the evolution of equilibration in migmatites is additionaly related to change in chemistry. As a key finding, surface‐controlled equilibration kinetics seem to dominate transport‐controlled processes in the investigated samples. This may be decisive information towards the understanding of age data derived from monazite.