Effect of sediment resuspension on underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study in Longgan Lake and Taihu Lake

Based on three continuous in situ underwater light field measurement under different wind waves conditions in Longgan Lake, Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in July 2003 and littoral zone near TLLER in July 2004, respectively, the effects of sediment resuspension caused by wind waves on PAR diffuse attenuation, absorption coefficients and euphotic depths are analyzed. In Longgan Lake, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients during small, middle and large wind waves were 1.74, 2.02 and 2.45 m-1, respectively, and the corresponding PAR spectral diffuse attenuations ranged from 0.98 to 2.97, 1.34 to 3.95 and 1.80 to 5.40 m-1, respectively. In Meiliang Bay, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients were 2.63, 3.72, 4.37 m-1 during small, middle and large wind waves. PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients increased by 41% and 66% from small to middle, large wind waves, respectively. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of CDOM, phytoplankton were 0.26, 0.28 m-1; 0.76, 0.49 m-1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of non-algal particulate matter and total suspended particulate matter increased from 0.94 to 1.73 m-1, and from 1.70 to 2.22 m-1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Relative contributions of absorption coefficients of non-algal particulate matter to total absorption coefficient integrated over the range of PAR were 44.14%, 65.05%, respectively, during middle and large wind waves. PAR euphotic depths decreased by 0.40, 0.19, 0.20 m from middle to large wind waves in Longganhu Lake, Meliang Bay and littoral zone near TLLER. Significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and total suspended paniculate matter, wind velocity, wave height. Most significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and inorganic suspended paniculate matter but low correlations for chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon. Increase of total suspended paniculate matter, especially inorganic suspended paniculate matter caused by wind waves was the dominant factor affecting underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River based on observations at three stations.     

弥漫性泛细支气管炎的多排螺旋CT表现

目的:探讨弥漫性泛细支气管炎的多排CT表现。方法:回顾性分析5例弥漫性泛细支气管炎患者CT表现与病理改变。结果:5例均见广泛分布的小叶中心性结节,无融合;2例见"树芽征";3例细支气管壁增厚、呈柱状或环形扩张;3例可见小叶中心性肺气肿;5例均可见鼻窦炎。结论:弥漫性泛细支气管炎其影像学表现具有特征性,影像学检查尤以HRCT检查对该病早期诊断有重要临床意义。     

All-Sky Direct Radiative Effects of Urban Aerosols in Beijing and Shanghai,China

Aerosol particles can directly alter the radiation balance by scattering and absorbing incident solar radiation, thus decreasing the amount of light reaching the surface and increasing the fraction of diffuse radiation—the so-called ‘aerosol direct radiative effect'. Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol products, the aerosol direct radiative effects under all-sky conditions in Beijing and Shanghai in 2007 were explored in this study. The total shortwave radiation was calculated using the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model, with the influence of clouds taken into account through sunshine-duration data, and the diffuse radiation was calculated with radiation decomposition models. Good correlation between measured and calculated total radiation was obtained at both cities, with an R greater than 0.9, and thus this calculation method was adopted to derive aerosol direct radiative effects. The presence of aerosols caused the mean total and diffuse solar radiation reaching the surface to change by-19.9% and +27.4% in Beijing, respectively, and by-18.4% and +6.5% in Shanghai. It was also found that, despite the strong negative correlation between aerosol optical depth and total radiation change, the diffuse radiation changes were determined predominantly by clouds. The effects of such changes induced by aerosols on plant productivity should be further studied.     

Analytical and experimental study on dissolved pollutant wash‐off over impervious surfaces

Non‐point source pollution in the impervious surface of city, which including dissolved and particulate pollutants, is a significant source of water pollution. Simple first‐order decay models can generally simulate the cumulative wash‐off process of the particulate pollutants. There is inadequate knowledge as to whether or not they are suitable for dissolved pollutants. This study presents a mathematical wash‐off model for dissolved pollutants, which combines analytical equations for overland flows and the exponential equation for the pollutant wash‐off. A series of laboratory experiments have been conducted to verify this wash‐off model. It shows that the pollutant concentration and pollutant transport rate can be predicted well by the newly developed equations. It is found that the pollutant concentration monotonically decreases to zero as the accumulated pollutants are washed off, whereas the pollutant transport rate first increases to the maximum value and then decreases to zero. The maximum pollutant transport rate is found to increase with the decrease of the arrival time of the maximum value. The difference between the simplified exponential model and the amended wash‐off equation depends on the initial residual percentage (P_c), but the present equation generally provides a more accurate representation of the wash‐off process of dissolved pollutants.     

Patterns in the linkage of water quantity and quality during low‐flows

This study investigates 72 catchments across the federal state of Baden‐Wuerttemberg, Germany, for changes in water quality during low‐flow events. Data from the state's water quality monitoring network provided seven water quality parameters (water temperature, electrical conductivity, concentrations of chloride, sodium, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate), which were statistically related to streamflow variability. Water temperature changes during low‐flow showed seasonal dependence. Nitrate concentrations revealed high spatial heterogeneity with about one third of the stations showing decreasing values during low discharge. For most other parameters, concentrations increased during low‐flow. Despite consistent trend directions, the magnitudes of changes with streamflow differed markedly across the state. Both multiple linear regression and a multiple analysis of variances were applied to explain these differences with the help of catchment characteristics. Results indicated that for sulfate and conductivity, geology of the catchments was the most important control, whereas for chloride, sodium, and nitrate, sewage treatment plants had the largest influence. For phosphate, no clear control could be identified. Independent from the applied method, land use was a less important control on river water quality during low‐flow than geology or inflow from sewage treatment plants. These results show that the effects of diffuse and point sources, as well as those of natural and anthropogenic sources differ for different water quality parameters. Overall, a high diversity of potential water quality deterioration signals needs to be considered when the ecological status of rivers is to be protected during low‐flow events.     

基于机载LiDAR测深水体波形的漫衰减系数提取方法

漫衰减系数是一个重要的海洋光学参数,能够为水体环境变化、水质分析以及水产养殖等方面提供基础性数据.针对目前船载实地测量效率与分辨率低、卫星遥感反演精度与分辨率较低的局限性,本文提出一种基于机载LiDAR测深水体波形的漫衰减系数提取方法.该方法首先通过分层异构模型的机载LiDAR波形分解算法得到水体散射回波,利用激光在水...     

多次散射对向上漫射散射系数及漫射吸收系数影响的数值研究

在假定水体表面为镜面、水体中无内光源及非弹性散射的情况下、利用多次散射理论, 研究了在固定体散射函数的情况下, 不同的入射天顶角、单次散射反照率和散射系数对向上漫射散射系数, 上、下行漫射吸收系数的影响。结果表明: 在紧贴水表的下层, 向上漫射散射系数随入射辐射天顶角的增大而增大, 但不随单次散射反照率和散射系数的改变而改变; 当入射辐射为垂直入射时, 向上漫射散射系数的深度廓线随深度呈现单调增的趋势, 并逐步接近一个恒定状态; 随着入射天顶角的增大, 该单调现象发生了变化, 出现先增大后减小, 再逼进恒定状态, 且这个恒定值随单次反照率增大而增大。下行漫射吸收系数随着入射天顶角的增大, 其廓线由单调增加过渡到先增大后减小; 在散射系数和单次散射反照率相同的条件下, 不同入射天顶角的下行漫射吸收系数逐渐收敛于同一稳定的状态。且单次散射率越小, 这种收敛的速度越快, 达到恒定状态的深度也越浅。上行漫射吸收系数的主要特征基本与下行漫射吸收系数类似, 而且两个恒定值均大于属于固有光学参数的吸收系数, 其中向上漫射吸收系数最大。     

Bifurcations of thick-walled hollow cylinders of geomaterials under axisymmetric compression

This paper derives analytically the condition for the onset of diffuse mode bifurcations in thick-walled hollow cylinders with internal radius a, external radius b and length L under axial compression and confining pressure. The thick-walled cylindrical specimens are made of geomaterial characterized by Rudnicki's constitutive model, and the method of solution for the governing equations is the velocity potential approach employed by Chau. Numerical results show that thick-walled cylinders are stronger than thin-walled cylinders against diffuse mode bifurcations, including both buckling, axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric deformations. In contrast to the conclusion for solid cylinders (Chau), no buckling solution is found for γ = mπa / L smaller than about 0·7 under compression for a fixed and finite value of a / b (i.e. no buckling for long and slender hollow cylinders with small a / L and fixed b / a). When 0·7 < γ < 0·9, buckling is the expected first bifurcation; whereas, when γ > 0·9, bulging or barrelling is anticipated. The exact value of γ that excludes buckling and separates the buckling and barrelling phenomena depends on the current values of the constitutive parameters of the solid. Hollow cylinders with higher degree of anisotropy, disobeying normality flow rule, and subjected to confining pressure are more conducive to bifurcations than cylinders made of materials with isotropy, obeying normality, and subjected to no confining pressure. In addition, diffuse mode bifurcations are found possible in the pre-peak regime of the stress–strain curve. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.