On the stable growth of segregated ice in freezing soil under negligible overburden pressure

The stable growth condition of a segregated ice layer is studied by the use of the principle of mass and heat conservation. This condition evidently depends upon the properties of a thin transitional zone, which is believed to exist between the boundary of an ice layer and a 0[°C] isotherm. All probable models of the transitional zone are classified and the conditions for each model is derived. The effect of the small amount of soil minerals contained in an ice layer is also studied.     

三种土层结构反应谱平台值的统计分析

本文以建筑抗震设计规范规定的反应谱为目标谱,通过调整加速度峰值和特征周期来人工合成数百条加速度时程曲线,并将其作为土层地震反应分析的地震动输入。在若干有工程意义的场地剖面中,选取和构造了部分软弱土层分别在底部、中部和顶部的三种土层剖面,利用土层地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法,计算了不同土层剖面在不同地震动输入下的地表加速度反应谱的平台值。在统计分析的基础上,给出了不同场地三种土层结构的反应谱平台值的平均值。通过与正常剖面的反应谱平台值比较,给出了三种土层结构的反应谱平台值的影响系数。本文的研究获得了一些有意义的成果。     

新疆北天山西段P波、S波衰减特征研究

针对2008年1月至2011年12月发生在新疆北天山西段的地震事件,分析新源、温泉和巴仑台3个台站记录到的波形资料,采取尾波归一化方法,计算出P、S波在多个频率点f的衰减系数Q-1P、Q-1S,利用最小二乘法拟合得到Q-1=Q0fη,得到该区域P波衰减系数和S波衰减系数。结果表明,新源研究区关于P波、S波的衰减指数为-0.982 1、-0.978 1;温泉研究区关于P波、S波的衰减指数为-1.049 7、-0.773 8;巴仑台研究区关于P波、S波的衰减指数为-0.870 0、-0.956 8。与中国云南地区关于P波、S波衰减结果相比,新源研究区域与云南的禄劝研究区地下介质衰减特性比较一致。     

GM（1,1）模型在铁路路基冻胀监测中的应用

通过对季节性冻土区铁路路基冻胀量与地层温度的监测,可以了解监测段的冻胀变化过程,但无法对未来的发展趋势作出有效预测。本文采用GM（1,1）模型对监测段落路基的冻胀变形及冻结深度的变化情况进行预测。结果表明,此预测方法可以在现有监测数据的基础上有效预测短期内路基冻胀的发展趋势。根据模型预测结果,可以提前采取有效整治措施,便于决策者对轨道检验周期、维修周期、限速周期等作出合理调整。     

高速公路中红砂岩滑坡特征及整治

高速公路中红砂岩切方边坡失稳普遍存在。通过对两条高速公路边坡的调查研究和整治设计可以看出,边坡失稳主要与砂岩层面顺坡向、风化及节理发育程度有关外,还与地表形态、地表水下渗条件等密切有关。分析这些因素,为以后类似边坡工程积累经验,减少边坡开挖造成滑坡,对从事类似工程的设计施工,监理人员有参考作用。     

Absorption properties of urban/suburban aerosols in China

The broadband diffuse radiation method is improved to retrieve the aerosol refractive index imaginary part （AIP） and broadband （400-1000 nm mean） single scattering albedo （SSA）. In this method, four sets of SSA selection criteria are proposed for quality control. The method is used to retrieve AIP, SSA and absorptive optical thickness （AbOT） from routine hourly-exposed pyrheliometer and paranometer measurements over 11 sites （meteorological observatories） in China during 1998-2003. Apart from one suburban site （Ejin Qi）, the other urban sites are all located around big or medium cities. As shown in the retrieval results, annual mean SSA during 1998-2003 changes from 0.941 （Wuhan） to 0.849 （Lanzhou）, and AIP from 0.0054 to 0.0203. The 11-site average annual mean SSA and AIP are 0.898 and 0.0119, respectively. SSA during winter is smaller for most sites. There is an evidently positive correlation between SSA and aerosol optical thickness （AOT） for all sites. There is also a positive correlation between SSA and relative humidity for most sites, but a negative correlation for a few sites, such as Kashi and ǚrǚmqi in Northwest China.     

A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR COEFFICIENT

The relationship between potential evaporation and arealevaporation is assessed using a closed-box model of the convectiveboundary layer (CBL). Potential evaporation is defined as theevaporation that would occur from a hypothetical saturated surface,with radiative properties similar to those of the whole area, and smallenough that the excess moisture flux does not modify thecharacteristics of the CBL. It is shown that the equilibrium rate ofpotential evaporation is given by Ep0=E0,where E0 is the equilibrium evaporation (radiative termof the Penman formula), and is a coefficient similar to thePriestley-Taylor coefficient. Its expression is , where is the areal surface resistance, r_a is the localaerodynamic resistance, and is the dimensionless slope of thesaturation specific humidity at the temperature of the air. Itscalculated value is around 1 for any saturated surface surrounded bywater, about 1.3 for saturated grass surrounded by well-watered grassand can be greater than 3 over saturated forest surrounded by forest.The formulation obtained provides a theoretical basis to the overallmean value of 1.26, empirically found by Priestley and Taylor for thecoefficient . Examining, at the light of this formulation, thecomplementary relationship between potential and actual evaporation(as proposed by Bouchet and Morton), it appears that the sum ofthese two magnitudes is not a constant at equilibrium, but depends onthe value of the areal surface resistance.     

夏季东太湖光合有效辐射衰减特征及其对沉水植物恢复的指示

水下光照分布是影响水生态系统的重要因素,研究光合有效辐射衰减特征对于沉水植物恢复具有一定的指导意义.根据沉水植物生物量资料,将东太湖划分为沉水植物茂盛区、沉水植物稀疏区和无植物区3种区域.基于2019年夏季原位水下光场资料,探讨了东太湖光衰减特性和光照衰减因子的空间差异以及不同区域内的主导衰减因子,分析了东太湖的稳态阶段和富营养化水平,并阐述了真光层深度与透明度的关系,以期为东太湖沉水植物恢复和保护提供相关资料.结果表明:东太湖不同区域光衰减特性差异显著,光合有效辐射衰减系数(k d(PAR))在0.73~11.80 m^-1之间变化,真光层深度范围为0.39~6.31 m.不同区域的无机悬浮物和有机悬浮物浓度存在显著性差异,稀疏区叶绿素a浓度显著高于茂盛区,而与无植物区没有显著差异,有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数在3种区域无显著性差异.k d(PAR)与无机、有机悬浮物的线性拟合效果较好,而与叶绿素a、CDOM拟合较差.水体吸收和散射作用是茂盛区光衰减的主要原因,无植物区域主导衰减因子仅有无机悬浮物,稀疏区由叶绿素a和无机悬浮物共同主导,是生态修复需要重点关注的区域,有机悬浮物和CDOM对东太湖光照衰减没有太大影响.东太湖目前正处于从草型稳态向藻型稳态过渡的阶段,整个湖泊属于富营养水平,真光层深度大约为透明度的2.7倍.     

东北地区初霜冻的天气气候特征

利用实测资料和历史天气图资料,对近３１年我国东北地区初霜冻的天气气候特征进行了分析,并探讨了初霜冻出现前２４小时的环流形势特征和天气演变过程,给出了初霜冻的时空分布特征以及对预报有用的一些判据。对实时预报业务有参考作用。     

双通道能见度自动测量仪研究

从透射和散射的原理出发,推导了基于红外测量的双通道能见度仪的工程测量方程,比较了单通道和双通道能见度测量仪的性能,结果表明,双通道能见度测量仪具有精度高、性能稳定、使用可靠、维护量小的特点。