自钻式原位剪切旁压模型不同固结荷载颗粒流数值试验

自钻式原位剪切旁压仪具有扰动小,能同时测出不同深度土的变形和强度参数,在精确测定土体参数方面具有广阔的应用前景。然而,目前受分析手段与研究水平的限制,对SBISP多级加载过程中周围土体的变形响应研究较少,而土体变形参数的确定与其变形机制是密切相关的。基于此,应用PFC3D颗粒流程序对不同固结荷载SBISP模型进行了仿真数值试验,试验结果表明:随着剪应力的逐级施加,中间区域颗粒的位移量不断增大,且位移矢量方向性更加显著,在第5级剪应力作用下,影响区域位移矢量形状呈现为倒锥形;而随着上覆固结压力的增大,探头周围试样的受影响范围逐渐变小;在探头作用下球颗粒的运动轨迹呈台阶状,台阶形态随距探杆中心距离增大而趋于平缓,球颗粒的Z向位移量亦随之呈负指数形式衰减;此外,剪应力与探头摩擦系数呈正相关关系,但当摩擦系数达到某一阈值时,剪应力-位移曲线不再变化。其研究成果对于深入开展SBISP试验多级加载过程中影响域内土体变形过程与变形模量之间关系研究具有重要启迪意义。     

Arsenic Distribution Pattern in Different Sources of Drinking Water and their Geological Background in Guanzhong Basin,Shaanxi, China

To study arsenic(As) content and distribution patterns as well as the genesis of different kinds of water, especially the different sources of drinking water in Guanzhong Basin, Shaanxi province, China, 139 water samples were collected at 62 sampling points from wells of different depths, from hot springs, and rivers. The As content of these samples was measured by the intermittent flowhydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry method(HG-AFS). The As concentrations in the drinking water in Guanzhong Basin vary greatly(0.00–68.08 μg/L), and the As concentration of groundwater in southern Guanzhong Basin is different from that in the northern Guanzhong Basin. Even within the same location in southern Guanzhong Basin, the As concentrations at different depths vary greatly. As concentration of groundwater from the shallow wells(50 m deep, 0.56–3.87 μg/L) is much lower than from deep wells(110–360 m deep, 19.34–62.91 μg/L), whereas As concentration in water of any depth in northern Guanzhong Basin is 10 μg/L. Southern Guanzhong Basin is a newly discovered high-As groundwater area in China. The high-As groundwater is mainly distributed in areas between the Qinling Mountains and Weihe River; it has only been found at depths ranging from 110 to 360 m in confined aquifers, which store water in the Lishi and Wucheng Loess(Lower and Middle Pleistocene) in the southern Guanzhong Basin. As concentration of hot spring water is 6.47–11.94 μg/L; that of geothermal water between 1000 and 1500 m deep is 43.68–68.08 μg/L. The high-As well water at depths from 110 to 360 m in southern Guanzhong Basin has a very low fluorine(F) value, which is generally 0.10 mg/L. Otherwise, the hot springs of Lintong and Tangyu and the geothermal water in southern Guanzhong Basin have very high F values(8.07–14.96 mg/L). The results indicate that highAs groundwater in depths from 110 to 360 m is unlikely to have a direct relationship with the geothermal water in the same area. As concentration of all reservoirs and rivers(both contaminated and uncontaminated) in the Guanzhong Basin is 10 μg/L. This shows that pollution in the surface water is not the source of the high-As in the southern Guanzhong Basin. The partition boundaries of the high- and low-As groundwater area corresponds to the partition boundaries of the tectonic units in the Guanzhong Basin. This probably indicates that the high-As groundwater areas can be correlated to their geological underpinning and structural framework. In southern Guanzhong Basin, the main sources of drinking water for villages and small towns today are wells between 110–360 m deep. All of their As contents exceed the limit of the Chinese National Standard and the International Standard(10 μg/L) and so local residents should use other sources of clean water that are 50 m deep, instead of deep groundwater(110 to 360 m) for their drinking water supply.     

黄河流域产业绿色化与生态环境绿色化耦合协调度时空演变

以黄河流域35个城市为研究对象,分别构建产业绿色化与生态环境绿色化指标体系,基于熵值法测度两系统综合指数,并通过耦合协调度模型和空间自相关法对2009—2018年两系统耦合协调度的时空特征及空间集聚性进行分析。结果表明：（1）黄河流域产业绿色化与生态环境绿色化综合指数总体呈上升趋势且具有趋同性,上游地区生态环境绿色化水平高于产业绿色化水平,中下游地区相反;（2）时空维度上,黄河流域产业绿色化与生态环境绿色化的耦合协调度总体呈上升趋势,上中下游地区呈现“凹”字型发展特征且稳定程度不同;（3）空间集聚上,黄河流域产业绿色化与生态环境绿色化耦合协调度呈显著正相关性,存在明显聚集性,高-高聚集主要集中于上游地区,低-低聚集由中游地区向中下游地区扩展。     

绿色创新效率与生态治理绩效耦合协调的 时空分异及响应

基于改进的SFA模型对长江经济带108个城市2004—2016年的绿色创新效率与生态治理绩效值进行测度,借助耦合协调模型及探索性空间数据分析法对两系统的耦合协调度和时空分异特征进行分析,进而运用PVAR模型考察其响应关系。结果表明：①2004—2016年两系统整体处于初级协调阶段,未来仍有较大提升空间;空间上自东向西梯度递减,高协调区集中在东部城市;②两系统的耦合协调度具有空间正关联性,低-低集聚城市数多于高-高集聚,协调发展领先城市对周边城市的辐射带动作用较弱;③生态治理绩效对绿色创新效率响应较弱,而绿色创新效率对生态治理绩效响应则较强,且二者均对自身依赖较强,未来优化其互动机制应是长江经济带高质量发展的重点。     

海南省城乡关系演化及驱动机制研究

推进城乡一体化协调发展是事关海南自由贸易港建设成效的重点任务之一,新的发展环境及政策框架正促使海南省城乡关系快速转型。采用变异系数法、耦合协调度模型、回归模型,从城乡空间、经济和社会等维度,分析了建省办特区以来海南省城乡关系演化特征及驱动机制。结果表明：①建省办特区以来,海南省城乡协调综合指数呈现明显的先降后升态势,由1988年的0.319 9到1993年的0.153 9,2019年达0.851 9;②海南省城乡各子系统耦合度和耦合协调度均呈波动上升态势,耦合度主要处于磨合和高水平耦合阶段,耦合协调度由轻度失调转变为初级协调,最后达到中级协调,城乡各子系统间相互作用增强;③海南省城乡关系演化经历城乡二元加剧、城乡二元固化、城乡关系趋缓和城乡一体化初期四个阶段,低水平城乡均衡发展是重要特征,高质量推进城乡一体化协调发展是关键;④经济发展对城乡协调发展影响最为明显,但呈负相关,其次为市场消费、产业结构、乡村发展、交通通达性、城镇发展和政府行为,对外开放对城乡关系演化影响相对较弱;⑤制度创新、对外合作、产业优化、城镇建设和乡村振兴是推进城乡融合发展的重要路径。     

黄河流域经济发展与生态环境耦合协调的时空格局研究

生态环境是经济发展的基础,合理的有序的经济发展既是生态环境的内在要求,也是加强环境保护的重要支撑。推动黄河流域经济与生态环境协调发展是该流域实现生态保护与高质量发展的前提。文中以黄河流域91个地市（州、盟）为研究单元,构建经济发展和生态环境耦合协调评价指标体系,并运用熵值法、耦合协调模型及相对发展度模型对2005—2018年黄河流域经济发展与生态环境耦合协调度时空格局进行分析。结果表明：（1）从时序分析层面看,黄河流域经济发展与生态环境耦合度整体呈小幅波动下降态势,耦合水平较低,长期处于中度耦合的颉颃阶段;协调度总体呈波动下降趋势,主要从濒临失调阶段向轻度失调阶段过渡,协调度水平有待提升;相对发展度整体呈大幅波动上升态势,具体表现为随着时间的推移总体呈现生态环境逐渐滞后于经济发展的状态;（2）从空间分析层面看,耦合度呈现由上游向中下游逐渐增强的空间格局,协调度呈现以省会城市以及沿海城市为高值中心连片分布的格局,具有明显的空间差异性,相对发展度随着时间的推移,整体呈现由分散向集中、由个别到整体的空间形态。     

干旱区梨园不同覆盖条件下土壤环境因子综合性评价研究

在干旱沿黄灌区开展不同覆盖材料配合滴灌的灌溉保墒方式下,进一步研究了不同覆盖方式对梨园全生育期的土壤理化性状和养分含量变化影响,分析了土壤温度、水分、pH等和矿质营养元素间的相互关系,对覆盖后的土壤质量进行了综合性评价。试验处理分为无覆盖对照（T1）、园艺地布覆盖（T2）、玉米秸秆覆盖（T3）和黑地膜覆盖（T4）4个处理;试验设计为随机区组设计,每个处理小区均为167株梨树（约占地667 m²）,重复3次;各小区土样分0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm土层取样。结果表明：（1） 园艺地布和黑地膜覆盖处理有一定的增温效应,而玉米秸秆覆盖有较好的降温和稳温效应,且增墒效应明显,土壤含水率比其他3种处理显著提高了1.0%~2.7%。（2） 相较无覆盖处理,黑地膜覆盖可提升表层土壤pH,并加速表层土壤有机质的分解,有机质含量较无覆盖处理下降33.1%;玉米秸秆覆盖可显著降低各土层的土壤pH,降低范围为1.8%~4.6%,并促进0~20 cm土层有机质的提升,土壤有机质含量增加12.2%;园艺地布覆盖下0~40 cm土层内土壤有机质含量和全盐量均有降低。（3） 黑地膜覆盖下0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的碱解氮含量分别为73.00 mg·g^-1和64.53 mg·g^-1,均显著地高于无覆盖处理,无覆盖条件下土壤碱解氮在深层（40~60 cm土层）积累较多,显著地高于玉米秸秆和黑地膜覆盖;各处理0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层速效磷含量差异显著,大小顺序均为T4>T3>T2>T1,玉米秸秆覆盖可提升土壤速效钾和速效铁的含量。（4） 进行主成分分析表明不同覆盖方式对梨园浅层土壤环境因子的影响要明显大于深层土壤,在0~40 cm土层内各覆盖处理效果均好于无覆盖处理,其中玉米秸秆覆盖在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层综合得分分别为1.189和0.326,覆盖效果最佳。     

不同蛋白源饲料对褐点石斑鱼幼鱼血细胞发生的影响

以全鱼粉作为唯一蛋白源(D1),用豆粕替代10%、20%鱼粉(D2、D3),玉米蛋白粉替代10%鱼粉(D4),啤酒酵母替代10%鱼粉(D5),配制5组等氮等能饲料,每种饲料设置3个实验组,进行56 d的养殖实验。通过血液和组织涂(印)片、细胞染色和显微观察,研究人工培育的褐点石斑鱼幼鱼外周血液白细胞的分类组成,头肾、脾脏、体肾和肝脏等4种组织中各类血细胞的发生情况,以及不同蛋白源饲料对褐点石斑鱼血细胞发生的影响。结果表明:褐点石斑鱼外周血液中的白细胞由淋巴细胞(53.30%±4.66%)、血栓细胞(35.69%±3.85%)、嗜中性粒细胞(10.34%±3.14%)、单核细胞(0.28%±0.36%)、浆细胞(0.24%±0.34%)和嗜酸性粒细胞(0.15%±0.27%)组成;组织印迹片中,未成熟的红细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞主要在头肾印迹片中出现,未成熟的单核细胞主要在头肾和脾脏印迹片中出现,血栓细胞在肝脏印迹片中数量最多,推断褐点石斑鱼幼鱼主要的造血组织是头肾,其次是脾脏;在4种组织中均观察到浆细胞,在体肾印迹片中观察到嗜碱性粒细胞,在肝脏印迹片中观察到巨噬细胞,在头肾印迹片中还观察到巨大原红细胞。显微观察和数据统计分析的结果都表明,投喂5种蛋白源不同的配合饲料,未对褐点石斑鱼4种组织中血细胞的发生情况造成显著影响。     

Analysis of plasma and field conditions during some intensely geo-effective transient solar/interplanetary disturbances of solar cycle 23

The problem of solar wind-magnetosphere coupling is investigated for intense geomagnetic storms (Dst < -100nT) that occurred during solar cycle 23. For this purpose interplanetary plasma and field data during some intensely geo-effective transient solar/interplanetary disturbances have been analysed. A geomagnetic index that represents the intensity of planetary magnetic activity at subauroral latitude and the other that measures the ring current magnetic field, together with solar plasma and field parameters (V, B, Bz, σB, N, and T) and their various derivatives (BV,-BVz, BV², -BzV², B²V, Bz²V, NV²) have been analysed in an attempt to study mechanism and the cause of geo-effectiveness of interplanetary manifestations of transient solar events. Several functions of solar wind plasma and field parameters are tested for their ability to predict the magnitude of geomagnetic storm.     

海洋经济与海洋环境保护协调发展的初步探讨--大连海域案例研究

21世纪是开发和利用海洋的新世纪.在开发利用海洋的过程中出现了海洋经济发展与海洋环境保护之间的不协调性、不同步性.以大连为个案,运用耦合机制对海洋环境与海洋经济的协调发展进行初步探讨,并提出相应对策和建议.