Day-side ionospheric conductivities at Mars

We present estimates of the day-side ionospheric conductivities at Mars based on magnetic field measurements by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) at altitudes down to ∼100 km during aerobraking orbits early in the mission. At Mars, the so-called ionospheric dynamo region, where plasma/neutral collisions permit electric currents perpendicular to the magnetic field, lies between 100 and 250 km altitude. We find that the ionosphere is highly conductive in this region, as expected, with peak Pedersen and Hall conductivities of 0.1-1.5 S/m depending on the solar illumination and induced magnetospheric conditions. Furthermore, we find a consistent double peak pattern in the altitude profile of the day-side Pedersen conductivity, similar to that on Titan found by Rosenqvist et al. (2009). A high altitude peak, located between 180 and 200 km, is equivalent to the terrestrial peak in the lower F-layer. A second and typically much stronger layer of Pedersen conductivity is observed between 120 and 130 km, which is below the Hall conductivity peak at about 130-140 km. In this altitude region, MGS finds a sharp decrease in induced magnetic field strength at the inner magnetospheric boundary, while the day-side electron density is known to remain high as far down as 100 km. We find that such Titan-like behaviour of the Pedersen conductivity is only observed under regions of strongly draped magnetospheric field-lines, and negligible crustal magnetic anomalies below the spacecraft. Above regions of strong crustal magnetic anomalies, the Pedersen conductivity profile becomes more Earth-like with one strong Pedersen peak above the Hall conductivity peak. Here, both conductivities are 1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the above only weakly magnetised crustal regions, depending on the strength of the crustal anomaly field at ionospheric altitudes. This nature of the Pedersen conductivity together with the structured distribution of crustal anomalies all over the planet should give rise to strong conductivity gradients around such anomalies. Day-side ionospheric conductivities on Mars (in regions away from the crustal magnetic anomalies) and Titan seem to behave in a very similar manner when horizontally draped magnetic field-lines partially magnetise a sunlit ionosphere. Therefore, it appears that a similar double peak structure of strong Pedersen conductivity could be a more general feature of non-magnetised bodies with ionised upper atmospheres, and thus should be expected to occur also at other non-magnetised terrestrial planets like Venus or other planetary bodies within the host planet magnetospheres.     

含油气球冠模型三维重力归一化总梯度场特征

重力归一化总梯度的三维计算中,将圆滑滤波因子分别引入向下延拓和导数换算响应因子中,推导了其计算公式及数值实现过程,同时给出了具体的计算步骤;对含油气球冠模型的三维归一化总梯度场特征进行了分析与研究。研究结果表明,对于含油气球冠模型来说,不同于均匀球冠模型在各个深度的切平面等值线图中表现出单峰异常的特征,其三维归一化总梯度场的特征表现为:无论在过中心剖面的等值线图还是在某个深度的切片图中,只有当截止频率取值适当时才可以表现出"两高夹一低"的典型储油气藏标志特征,若取值不当,其表现出来的特征与均匀球冠模型相似。此外,归一化总梯度场等值线图中出现"两高夹一低"的位置,往往是含油气球冠所在位置和深度。     

Analysis of geocell-reinforced mattress with consideration of horizontal–vertical coupling

Geocell reinforcement has been increasingly applied to road embankment engineering. Deformation calculation is one of the major concerns during the design process. In this paper, the power-series method was employed to investigate the performance of a geocell-reinforced mattress under symmetric loads. The geocell-reinforced mattress was idealized as a beam on a Winkler foundation. In the analysis, the soil–foundation beam interface resistance, related to the horizontal deformation coupling with the vertical deformation, was considered. Semi-analytic solutions were developed to assess the deformations and internal forces of the foundation beam and verified against an existing finite element method [9]. The results of the proposed method were close to the results from the finite element method. Moreover, the effects of various factors, such as height of embankment, horizontal and vertical foundation coefficients, composite elastic modulus and height of geocell-reinforced mattress, on the foundation beam settlement and the tension force within the beam are discussed. It was found that the interface resistance related to the horizontal deformation of the beam has a reduction effect on the embankment settlement, and it is beneficial to reduce the embankment settlement by increasing the beam rigidity and strengthening the subgrade soil body.     

基于PCP-C耦合模型的流域洪水分类研究

洪水过程受多要素综合影响,因此多指标的综合分类方法成为目前洪水分类研究的主要趋势.针对目前多指标洪水综合分类方法中存在的诸多不足,可采用主成分投影-聚类(PCP-C)耦合模型进行洪水分类.该方法首先对原始指标数据进行无量纲化(均值化)处理,再对处理后的数据矩阵进行正交变换,由此将原指标转换成彼此正交的综合指标,并利用各主成分设计一个理想决策向量,以各被评价对象相应的决策向量在理想决策方向上的投影值作为一维的综合分类指标.最后通过对各分类样本的一维投影值的聚类分析,得到分类结果.实例分析表明,建议方法简单,模型构建容易,计算简便,分类直观简洁,可行性强.     

滇西三江地区中新生代“盆山”耦合运动学过程

滇西三江地区中新生代盆山格局是研究盆山耦合的典型实例。本文通过解析该区叠加构造变形期次和样式,理清其中新生代的盆山耦合关系,并探讨思茅盆地对相邻造山演化的沉积响应过程。研究表明,三江地区经历了主碰撞造山带与前陆盆地耦合(T1-T2)、后碰撞造山带与伸展盆地耦合(T3-K)以及陆内"盆山"共变(E-Q)三个盆山耦合运动学过程。兰坪-盆地内复理石、山前磨拉石到红色碎屑岩的沉积序列响应了相邻造山带从主碰撞阶段向后碰撞阶段的演化,该阶段盆地转换过程受控于拆沉作用和岩浆底侵作用等深部动力学机制。     

Simulating the influence of various nutrient sources on hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary

Hypoxia is increasingly reported off the Changjiang River Estuary with the confluence of multiple high volume nutrient sources. The Regional Ocean Modeling System coupled with a biological model was used to analyze the effect of different nutrient sources on the development of hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary. By comparing to observed data, our model suitably captured the regional dynamics of chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentration. A series of sensitivity experiments were conducted to investigate the hypoxia response to the various nutrient sources, such as loading from the Changjiang River, Kuroshio and Taiwan Warm Current. Our model results indicated that nutrients from different sources significantly influenced the hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary, and it was mostly affected by nutrients sourced from the Kuroshio. The nutrients input from the Changjiang River had larger impacts on the hypoxia in the north of 30°N than that in the south of 30°N. The nutrients sourced from the Taiwan Strait had a least influence on the hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary.     

地缘环境研究的理念及议程与路径

地缘环境研究已经成为当前国内地缘政治研究的重点方向,汇聚了国内地缘政治研究力量,推动了国内地缘政治学科的复兴。本文在总结分析国内外地缘政治、地缘环境相关研究最新发展和趋势的基础上,集中探讨了地缘环境研究的理念、议程与路径。地缘环境研究理念是以多元地缘体间互动实践为中心,将地缘环境理解为多元地缘体互动实践的“信息”或称决策信息集,也是多元地缘体互动的结果。因此,地缘体行动决策既有在完备信息下的决策,也有在不完备信息下的决策,甚至还有在不能甄别信息真假情况下的决策。在此新理念下,地缘环境研究大致包括地缘环境要素解析（本底、关联、结构3类要素）、地缘环境时空过程与机制表达和地缘环境支撑体系设计三大研究议程。为了整合不同领域、不同尺度和多元行为体,论文以缅北冲突为例展现了地缘环境研究的三大路径,即跨领域互动、跨尺度耦合和多元地缘体博弈。在当今百年变局的复杂形势下,明晰地缘环境研究的理念、议程与路径,对准确、科学分析当前复杂局势和提出中国应对策略等具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

面向治理的地理学发展刍议

“四个面向”（面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康）已成为新时代中国科学发展的指针。治理是一个反映“四个面向”的国际前沿研究领域,也是地理学和其他学科研究的焦点。围绕地理学如何应对治理这一关键问题,基于人地耦合的理念,系统梳理国内外地理学进行治理研究的轨迹与特点,从价值、思想、方法、技术4个维度发掘面向治理的地理学发展路径,紧密联系地理学发展动态及治理现代化的实践,从基础研究、平台建设、人才培育3个方面提出发展策略。提升中国地理学在国际治理研究中的影响力,促进地理学与其他学科的交叉融合,将自然与人文有机结合的理念应用于社会治理,增进居民福祉,并服务国家战略和区域可持续发展。     

Multi-scale coupling analysis of urbanization and ecosystem services supply-demand budget in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Rapid economic development and human activities have severely affected ecosystem function. Analysis of the spatial distribution of areas of rapid urbanization is...     

海洋平台抛锚方式模糊优化设计方法

海上钻井平台由于工作地点经常发生变化,工作环境条件随之改变,锚泊抛锚方式就要相应更改。本文针对深海半潜平台及其悬链线式系泊定位系统,运用平台与锚链耦合运动时域分析方法,对其水动力性能进行探索,并提出一种运用模糊算法计算平台抛锚方式优化设计方法,此方法可使钻井平台在风暴自存工况和钻井工作工况下更快更好地找到最佳抛锚方式。以一典型的半潜式钻井平台为例进行数值模拟,结果表明本文提出的方法是可行的,能够很方便地找到比较好的抛锚方式来满足相关要求。这种锚泊优化设计方法可为平台及其系泊系统设计提供参考。