粤东梅州地区1：5万区调主要成果与进展

在粤东梅州地区完成的1：5万区域地质调查,对区内地层进行了多重划分和对比研究,理清了地层层序;将“兴梅混合岩田”解体为变质表壳岩和变质深成岩;采用双重填图法,查明了火山岩相、火山机构分布特征,划分了火山活动旋回;对侵入岩进行重新划分和研究,首次将永和北．三枫侵入体解体为超基性、中性和中酸性侵入岩;对构造形迹进行调查研究...     

辽吉东部层状混合岩的成因

辽吉东部的层状混合岩与上、下围岩始终保持整合接触,反映它的体系基本上是封闭的,没有外来组份的加入。其组构、岩石化学、微量元素和稀土资料等表明层状混合岩不足岩浆型的,而是重熔岩浆型的,其原岩是沉积变质岩。     

陕西周户地区“秦岭群”的解体

根据区内传统秦岭群包含不同原岩建造、不同变质岩石组合以及变形变质、副矿物和微量元素特征的差异，将其解作为丹凤岩群、深成侵入体、浅成一超浅成侵入体、片麻岩套等5个部分，首次区分出两类不同性质的混合岩，确认了秦岭群在该区的存在。     

粤西河台金矿锆石SHRIMP年龄及其地质意义

河台金矿是一个受剪切带控制的金矿床,成矿作用分为韧性剪切变质成矿期的韧性剪切变质成矿作用阶段和热液蚀变成矿期的金硅化石英脉阶段、金硫化物阶段以及方铅矿闪锌矿碳酸盐脉阶段,金的成矿主要发生在热液蚀变成矿期的金石英脉阶段和金硫化物阶段。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年显示赋矿围岩混合岩中继承性锆石的核部和幔部年龄为343.9~1732Ma,代表形成混合岩原岩的源区岩石的年龄;继承性锆石边部和混合岩化变质作用中新生锆石的年龄平均值为239.6±3.9Ma,属印支期,为混合岩化变质作用的年龄,这一年龄与印支期印支板块与扬子板块、扬子板块与华北板块的碰撞时代相一致,证实在中国华南存在印支期的混合岩化变质作用。韧性剪切变质成矿作用的年龄小于混合岩化变质作用的年龄(239.6±3.9Ma);富硫化物含金石英脉中热液锆石普通铅含量高,为0.65%~2.27%,Th/U值变化围很小,为0.306~0.557,其年龄为152.5±3.1Ma,属燕山期,代表河台金矿主成矿期年龄。     

Microstructure and compositional changes across biotite‐rich reaction selvedges around mafic schollen in a semipelitic diatexite migmatite

Biotite‐rich selvedges developed between mafic schollen and semipelitic diatexite in migmatites at Lac Kénogami in the Grenville Province of Quebec. Mineral equilibria modelling indicates that partial melting occurred in the mid‐crust (4.8–5.8 kbar) in the range 820–850°C. The field relations, petrography, mineral chemistry and whole‐rock composition of selvedges along with their adjacent mafic schollen and host migmatites are documented for the first time. The selvedges measured in the field are relatively uniform in width (~1 cm wide) irrespective of the shape or size of their mafic scholle. In thin section, the petrographic boundary between mafic scholle and selvedge is defined by the appearance of biotite and the boundary between selvedge and diatexite by the change in microstructure for biotite, garnet, plagioclase and quartz. Three subtypes of selvedges are identified according to mineral assemblage and microstructure. Subtype I have orthopyroxene but of different microstructure and Mg# to orthopyroxene in the mafic scholle; subtype II contain garnet with many mineral inclusions, especially of ilmenite, in contrast to garnet in the diatexite host which has few inclusions; subtype III lack orthopyroxene or garnet, but has abundant apatite. Profiles showing the change in plagioclase composition from the mafic schollen across the selvedge and into the diatexite show that each subtype of selvedge has a characteristic pattern. Four types of biotite are identified in the selvedges and host diatexite based on their microstructural characteristics. (a) Residual biotite forms small rounded red‐brown grains, mostly as inclusions in peritectic cordierite and garnet in diatexite; (b) selvedge biotite forms tabular subhedral grains with high respect ratio; (c) diatexite biotite forms tabular subhedral grains common in the matrix of the diatexite; and (d) retrograde biotite that partially replaces peritectic cordierite and garnet in the diatexite. The four groups of biotite are also discriminated by their major element (EMPA) and trace elements (LA‐Q‐ICP‐MS) compositions. Residual biotite is high in TiO₂ and low in Sc and S, whereas retrograde biotite has high Al₂O₃, but low Sc and Cr. Selvedge and diatexite biotite are generally very similar, but selvedge biotite has higher Sc and S contents. Whole‐rock compositional profiles across the selvedges constructed from micro‐XRF and LA‐Q‐ICP‐MS analyses show: (a) Al₂O₃, FeO, MgO and CaO all decrease from mafic scholle across the selvedge and into the diatexite; (b) Na₂O is lowest in the mafic scholle, rises through the selvedge and reaches its maximum about 20–30 mm into the diatexite host; (c) K₂O is lowest in the mafic scholle and reaches its highest value in the first half of the selvedge, then declines before reaching a higher, but intermediate value, about 20 mm into the diatexite. Of the trace elements, Cs and Rb show distributions very similar to K₂O.     

Petrogenesis of Al–silicate-bearing trondhjemitic migmatites from NE Sardinia, Italy

The migmatites from Punta Sirenella (NE Sardinia) are layered rocks containing 3–5 vol.% of centimeter-sized stromatic leucosomes which are mainly trondhjemitic and only rarely granitic in composition. They underwent three deformation phases, from D₁ to D₃. The D₁ deformation shows a top to the NW shear component followed by a top to the NE/SE component along the XZ plane of the S₂ schistosity. Migmatization started early, during the compressional and crustal thickening stage of Variscan orogeny and was still in progress during the following extensional stage of unroofing and exhumation.

The trondhjemitic leucosomes, mainly consisting of quartz, plagioclase, biotite ± garnet ± kyanite ± fibrolite, retrograde muscovite and rare K-feldspar, are locally bordered by millimeter-sized biotite-rich melanosomes. The rare granitic leucosomes differ from trondhjemitic ones only in the increase in modal content of K-feldspar, up to 25%. Partial melting started in the kyanite field at about 700–720 °C and 0.8–0.9 GPa, and was followed by re-equilibration at 650–670 °C and 0.4–0.6 GPa, producing fibrolite–biotite intergrowth and coarse-grained muscovite.

The leucosomes have higher SiO₂, CaO, Na₂O, Sr and lower Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MgO, TiO₂, K₂O, P₂O₅, Rb, Ba, Cr, V, Zr, Nb, Zn and REE content with respect to proximal hosts and pelitic metagreywackes. Sporadic anomalous high content of calcium and ferromagnesian elements in some leucosomes is due to entrainment of significant amounts of restitic plagioclase, biotite and accessory phases. The rare granitic leucosomes reveal peritectic K-feldspar produced by muscovite-dehydration melting. Most leucosomes show low REE content, moderately fractionated REE patterns and marked positive Eu anomaly. Proximal hosts and pelitic metagraywackes are characterized by higher REE content, more fractionated REE patterns and slightly negative Eu anomaly.

The trondhjemitic leucosomes were generated by H₂O-fluxed melting at 700 °C of a greywacke to pelitic–greywacke metasedimentary source-rock. The disequilibrium melting process is the most reliable melting model for Punta Sirenella leucosomes.     

Deep crustal source of gneiss dome revealed by eclogite in migmatite (Montagne Noire,French Massif Central)

In orogens worldwide and throughout geologic time, large volumes of deep continental crust have been exhumed in domal structures. Extension-driven ascent of bodies of deep, hot crust is a very efficient mechanism for rapid heat and mass transfer from deep to shallow crustal levels and is therefore an important mechanism in the evolution of continents. The dominant rock type in exhumed domes is quartzofeldspathic gneiss (typically migmatitic) that does not record its former high-pressure (HP) conditions in its equilibrium mineral assemblage; rather, it records the conditions of emplacement and cooling in the mid/shallow crust. Mafic rocks included in gneiss may, however, contain a fragmentary record of a HP history, and are evidence that their host rocks were also deeply sourced. An excellent example of exhumed deep crust that retains a partial HP record is in the Montagne Noire dome, French Massif Central, which contains well-preserved eclogite (garnet+omphacite+rutile+quartz) in migmatite in two locations: one in the dome core and the other at the dome margin. Both eclogites record P ~ 1.5 ± 0.2 GPa at T  ~  700 ± 20°C, but differ from each other in whole-rock and mineral composition, deformation features (shape and crystallographic preferred orientation, CPO), extent of record of prograde metamorphism in garnet and zircon, and degree of preservation of inherited zircon. Rim ages of zircon in both eclogites overlap with the oldest crystallization ages of host gneiss at c. 310 Ma, interpreted based on zircon rare earth element abundance in eclogite zircon as the age of HP metamorphism. Dome-margin eclogite zircon retains a widespread record of protolith age (c. 470–450 Ma, the same as host gneiss protolith age), whereas dome-core eclogite zircon has more scarce preservation of inherited zircon. Possible explanations for differences in the two eclogites relate to differences in the protolith mafic magma composition and history and/or the duration of metamorphic heating and extent of interaction with aqueous fluid, affecting zircon crystallization. Differences in HP deformation fabrics may relate to the position of the eclogite facies rocks relative to zones of transpression and transtension at an early stage of dome development. Regardless of differences, both eclogites experienced HP metamorphism and deformation in the deep crust at c. 310 Ma and were exhumed by lithospheric extension—with their host migmatite—near the end of the Variscan orogeny. The deep crust in this region was rapidly exhumed from ~50 to <10 km, where it equilibrated under low-P/high-T conditions, leaving a sparse but compelling record of the deep origin of most of the crust now exposed in the dome.     

Spinel–cordierite symplectites replacing andalusite: evidence for melt-assisted diapirism in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Spinel–cordierite symplectites partially replacing andalusite occur in metapelitic rocks within the cores of several country rock diapirs that have ascended into the upper levels of layered mafic/ultramafic rocks in the Bushveld Complex. We investigate the petrogenesis of these symplectites in one of these diapirs, the Phepane dome. Petrographic evidence indicates that at conditions immediately below the solidus the rocks were characterized by a cordierite‐, biotite‐ and K‐feldspar‐rich matrix and 5–10 mm long andalusite porphyroblasts surrounded by biotite‐rich fringes. Phase relations in the MnNCKFMASHT model system constrain the near‐solidus prograde path to around 3 kbar and imply that andalusite persisted metastably into the sillimanite + melt field, where the fringing relationship between biotite and andalusite provided spatially restricted equilibrium domains with silica‐deficient effective bulk compositions that focused suprasolidus reaction. MnNCKFMASHT pseudosections that model these compositional domains suggest that volatile phase‐absent melting reactions consuming andalusite and biotite initially produced a moat of cordierite surrounding andalusite; reaction progressed until all quartz was consumed. Spinel is predicted to grow with cordierite at around 720 °C. Formation of the aluminous solid products was strongly controlled by the receding edge of andalusite grains, with symplectites forming at the andalusite‐cordierite moat interface. Decompression due to melt‐assisted diapiric rise of the floor rocks into the overlying mafic/ultramafic rocks occurred close to the thermal peak. Re‐crossing of the solidus at P = 1.5–2 kbar, T > 700 °C resulted in preservation of the symplectites. Two features of the silica‐deficient domains inhibited resorption of spinel. First, the cordierite moat armoured the symplectites from reaction with crystallizing melt in the outer part of the pseudomorphs. Second, an up‐T step in the solidus at low‐P, which may be in excess of 100 °C higher than the quartz‐saturated solidus, resulted in high‐T crystallization of melt on decompression. Even in metapelitic rocks where melt is retained, preservation of spinel is favoured by decompression.     

Formation, Crystallization, and Migration of Melt in the Mid-orogenic Crust: Muskoka Domain Migmatites, Grenville Province, Ontario

Migmatitic orthogneisses in the Muskoka domain, southwesternGrenville Province, Ontario, formed during the Ottawan stage(c. 1080–1050 Ma) of the Grenvillian orogeny. Stromaticmigmatites are volumetrically dominant, comprising granodioriticgneisses with 2–5 cm thick granitic leucosomes, locallyrimmed by thin melanosomes, that constitute 20–30 vol.%, and locally 40–50 vol. %, of the outcrops. Patch migmatitesin dioritic gneisses form large (>10 m) pinch-and-swell structureswithin the stromatic migmatites, and consist of decimetre-scale,irregular patches of granitic leucosome, surrounded by medium-grainedhornblende–plagioclase melanosomes interpreted as restite.The patches connect to larger networks of zoned pegmatite dykes.Petrographic and geochemical evidence suggests that the patchleucosomes formed by 20–40% fluid-present, equilibriummelting of the dioritic gneiss, followed by feldspar-dominatedcrystallization. The dyke networks may have resulted from hydraulicfracturing, probably when the melts reached water saturationduring crystallization. Field and geochemical data from thestromatic migmatites suggest a similar petrogenesis to the patchmigmatites, but with significant additions of externally derivedmelts, indicating that they acted as conduits for melts derivedfrom deeper structural levels within the orogen. We hypothesizethat the Muskoka domain represents a transfer zone for meltsmigrating to higher structural levels during Grenvillian deformation. KEY WORDS: migmatite geochemistry; partial melting; melt crystallization; melt transport; Grenville orogen     

Petrology of an intrusion-related high-grade migmatite: implications for partial melting of metasedimentary rocks and leucosome-forming processes

Intrusion-related migmatites comprise a substantial part of the high-grade part of the southern Damara orogen, Namibia which is dominated by Al-rich metasedimentary rocks and various granites. Migmatites consist of melanosomes with biotite+sillimanite+garnet+cordierite+hercynite and leucosomes are garnet- and cordierite-bearing. Metamorphic grade throughout the area is in the upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies (5–6 kbar at 730–750 °C). Field evidence, petrographic observations, chemical data and mass balance calculations suggest that intrusion of granitic magmas and concomitant partial melting of metasedimentary units were the main processes for the generation of the migmatites. The intruding melts were significantly modified by magma mixing with in situ partial melts, accumulation of mainly feldspar and contamination with garnet from the wall rocks. However, it is suggested that these melts originally represented disequilibrium melts from a metasedimentary protolith. The occurrence of LILE-, HFSE- and LREE-enriched and -depleted residues within the leucosomes implies that both quartzo-feldspathic and pelitic rocks were subjected to partial melting. Isotope ratios of the leucosomes are rather constant (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (500 Ma): 0.511718–0.511754, ε Nd (500 Ma): ?3.54 to ?5.11) and Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (500 Ma): 0.714119–0.714686), the metasedimentary units have rather constant Nd isotope ratios (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (500 Ma): 0.511622–0.511789, ε Nd (500 Ma): ?3.70 to ?6.93) but variable Sr isotope ratios Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (500 Ma): 0.713527–0.722268). The most restitic melanosome MEL 4 has a Sr isotopic composition of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (500 Ma): 0.729380. Oxygen isotopes do not mirror the proposed contamination process, due to the equally high δ¹⁸O contents of metasediments and crustal melts. However, the most LILE-depleted residue MEL 4 shows the lowest δ¹⁸O value (<10). Mass balance calculations suggest high degrees of partial melting (20–40%). It is concluded that partial melting was promoted by heat transfer and release of a fluid phase from the intruding granites. High degrees of partial melting can be reached as long as the available H₂O, derived from the crystallization of the intruding granites, is efficiently recycled within the rock volume. Due to the limited amounts of in situ melting, it seems likely that such regional migmatite terranes are not the sources for large intrusive granite bodies. The high geothermal gradient inferred from the metamorphic conditions was probably caused by exhumation of deep crustal rocks and contemporaneous intrusion of huge masses of granitoid magmas. The Davetsaub area represents an example of migmatites formed at moderate pressures and high temperatures, and illustrates some of the reactions that may modify leucosome compositions. The area provides constraints on melting processes operating in high-grade metasedimentary rocks.