Abraham Gottlob Werner: History and folk‐history

The Neptunist‐Vulcanist controversy has distorted the reputations of both James Hutton and Abraham Gottlob Werner. Among English‐speaking geologists, Hutton is often presented as the Father of Modern Geology, whereas Werner's views are seen as ‘palpably absurd’. Both men made major contributions to geology, but they were men of their age, the second half of the eighteenth century, and remote in their general ideas from those current since Lyell's day in the mid‐nineteenth. Werner was greatly admired by some of his ablest contemporaries, and their admiration becomes inexplicable if we regard his views as ‘palpably absurd’. Historical research in the last few years, reviewed here, is able to show how Werner's views arose and why they seemed persuasive at the time. Some examples of Neptunist observations in Australia in the 1820's are given to show the application and later modification of the theory.     

A first deep seismic survey in the Sea of Marmara: Deep basins and whole crust architecture and evolution

Increased source strength, streamer length and dense spatial coverage of seismic reflection profiles of the SEISMARMARA Leg 1 allow to image the deep structure of the marine North Marmara Trough (NMT) on the strike-slip North Anatolian Fault (NAF) west of the destructive Izmit 1999 earthquake. A reflective lower crust and the Moho boundary are detected. They appear upwarped on an E-W profile from the southern Central Basin eastwards, towards more internal parts of the deformed region. Thinning of the upper crust could use a detachment suggested from an imaged dipping intracrustal reflector that would allow upper crustal material to be dragged from beneath it and above the lower crust, accounting for the extensional component but also southwest motion of the southern margin of the NMT. Sections across the eastern half of the NMT, crossing the Cinarcik and Imrali basins, reveal several faults that are active reaching into the basement and have varying strike and proportions of normal and strike-slip displacement. They might be viewed as petals of a large scale negative flower-structure that spreads over a width of 30 km at surface and is rooted deeper in the lithosphere. Under the Central Basin a very thick sediment infill is revealed and its extensional bounding faults are active and imaged as much as 8 km apart down to 6 km depth. We interpret them as two deep-rooted faults encompassing a foundering basement block, rather than being merely pulled-apart from a jog in a strike-slip above a décollement. The deep-basin lengthening would account for only a modest part of the proposed 60 km finite motion since 4 Myr along the same direction oblique to the NMT that sidesteps the shear motion from its two ends. Thus differential motion occurred much beyond the deep basins, like subsidence involving the NMT bounding faults and the intracrustal detachments. The complex partitioned motion localized on active faults with diverse natures and orientations is suggested to represent the overburden deformation induced from horizontal plane simple shear occurring in depth at lithospheric scale, and in front of the North Anatolian Fault when it propagated through the region.     

Characteristics of paleoproterozoic Subduction System in Western Margin of Yangtze Plate

INTRODUCTIONDebate centered on Proterozoic tectonic style and crustalevolution has existed for a long time.The customary viewbelieved that the Proterozoic undeveloped solid plate could notput into effect on the subduction because of the high heat flowin the earth,and the continental crustal growth was dominatedby mafic magm a vertical underplating (Wyborn,1988;Etheridge etal.,1987) .However,many observations recentlyobtained from Proterozoic mobile zones in the world suggeststhat Proter…     

克拉通岩石圈地幔的形成与破坏:大洋板块俯冲的贡献

克拉通是地球上最古老的大陆地块.克拉通之所以能够长期稳定存在,主要是因为它具有巨厚、刚性的岩石圈地幔.古老克拉通岩石圈地幔具有高度难熔(富Mg、贫Fe)的特点,其密度较下伏软流圈小,能够"漂浮"在软流圈之上而长期存在.古老克拉通岩石圈地幔是在地球早期壳幔分异之后形成的,其形成可能与大洋板块的俯冲作用密切相关.典型的克拉...     

东南沿海地区古近纪大陆岩石圈地幔特征及成因

东南沿海地区新生代玄武岩中的橄榄岩包体来自岩石圈地幔 ,上地幔橄榄岩包体的岩石学及地球化学特征都记录了地幔演化的历史。普宁橄榄岩包体斜方辉石含量与太古宙克拉通地幔类似 ,但在矿物学、REE、痕量元素和Sr Nd同位素上又与太古宙岩石圈地幔不同。橄榄岩包体的岩相学、矿物学、REE、痕量元素特征都提供了含H2 O富Si流体交代橄榄岩的证据 ,这种流体可能主要是洋壳物质局部熔融而成。流体交代使橄榄岩富Si,同时富Sr、Pb和强不相容元素等大洋岩石圈物质。这表明普宁大陆岩石圈地幔既保留太古宙岩石圈地幔的特征 ,又具有大洋俯冲地幔的特征 ,它是古老岩石圈地幔向大洋岩石圈地幔转换的一部分 ,这种转换可能是大洋岩石圈与大陆岩石圈地幔相互作用的结果。     

辽东中生代晚期和古近纪玄武岩及深源捕虏晶--对岩石圈地幔性质的制约

辽东地区玄武岩的K-Ar定年结果表明,曲家屯玄武岩形成于晚白垩世,K-Ar年龄为81．58±2．46Ma;乱石山子玄武岩形成于古近纪,K-Ar年龄为58．36±1．64Ma。本区玄武岩含有丰富的橄榄石、单斜辉石和角闪石捕虏晶。乱石山子玄武岩中橄榄石捕虏晶的Mg^#值（79．5-88．5之间,平均值为84）较曲家屯玄武岩中橄榄石捕虏晶Mg^#值（77．0～79．8之间,平均值为78．4）偏高;单斜辉石捕虏晶为透辉石,其从核部到边部的Mg^#等变化趋势与橄榄石类似;斜方辉石捕虏晶为占铜辉石,其Mg^#值介于85．2-87．6之间,平均值为86．4。捕虏晶发育的环状裂隙、扭折带、矿物成分环带以及捕虏晶与主岩Mg^#值之间的不平衡均暗示它们为玄武质岩浆上升捕获的早期岩浆晶出矿物的堆晶体。玄武岩的岩石地球化学分析结果表明：（1）它们属于碱性系列,为碱性玄武岩,曲家屯玄武岩较乱石山子玄武岩贫硅、镁,富钙、铝,它们均具有原始岩浆的特征;（2）二者具有相似的稀土元素配分模式,但曲家屯玄武岩轻稀土元素总量更高,且轻重稀土元素分离程度高;（3）二者具有相似的Sr-Nd同位素组成,Isr和εNd（t）值分别介于0．7039～0．7045和＋1．60～＋3．69,反映了亏损的岩石圈地幔特征。     

Evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath eastern China: Re–Os isotopic evidence from mantle xenoliths in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts

The ages of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North China and South China cratons are less well-constrained than the overlying crust. We report Re–Os isotope systematics of mantle xenoliths entrained in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts from eastern China. Peridotite xenoliths from the Fuxian and Mengyin Paleozoic diamondiferous kimberlites in the North China Craton give Archean Re depletion ages of 2.6–3.2 Ga and melt depletion ages of 2.9–3.4 Ga. No obvious differences in Re and Os abundances, Os isotopic ratios and model ages are observed between spinel-facies and garnet-facies peridotites from both kimberlite localities. The Re–Os isotopic data, together with the PGE concentrations, demonstrate that beneath the Archean continental crust of the eastern North China Craton, Archean lithospheric mantle of spinel- to diamond-facies existed without apparent compositional stratification during the Paleozoic. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalt-borne peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths, on the other hand, show geochemical features indicating metasomatic enrichment, along with a large range of the Re–Os isotopic model ages from Proterozoic to Phanerozoic. These features indicate that lithospheric transformation or refertilization through melt-peridotite interaction could be the primary mechanism for compositional changes during the Phanerozoic, rather than delamination or thermal-mechanical erosion, despite the potential of these latter processes to play an important role for the loss of garnet-facies mantle. A fresh garnet lherzolite xenolith from the Yangtze Block has a Re depletion age of ∼1.04 Ga, much younger than overlying Archean crustal rocks but the same Re depletion ages as spinel lherzolite xenoliths from adjacent Mesozoic basalts, indicating Neoproterozoic resetting of the Re–Os system in the South China Craton.     

大兴安岭巴雅尔吐胡硕地区碎斑熔岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

在大兴安岭中南段巴雅尔吐胡硕地区发现一套碎斑熔岩。根据野外调查,可分为中心相的细微粒斑状石英二长岩(-石英二长斑岩)和边缘相的英安流纹质碎斑熔岩。通过SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年,获得细微粒斑状石英二长岩的年龄加权平均值为137.4±0.9Ma(MSWD=1.13),英安流纹质碎斑熔岩的年龄加权平均值为135.2±0.8Ma(MSWD=1.17),二者的形成时代均属于早白垩世早期。由元素地球化学分析可知,6件样品均属于过铝质的高钾钙碱性A型花岗岩,且具有完全一致的微量元素蛛网图和稀土元素配分曲线,均具有明显的负Eu异常,均富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Pb和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素Nb,Th较富集,Ba、Sr、Eu具有一定亏损,Pb强烈富集,表明岩石来源于地壳部分熔融。在构造环境判别分析的基础上,提出研究区碎斑熔岩属于碰撞后或造山期后的张性构造环境花岗岩(A2型花岗岩),形成于拉张环境,代表了伸展的大地构造背景。结合大兴安岭地区的大地构造演化特征,其形成与蒙古-鄂霍茨克闭合造山后的岩石圈伸展作用有关。     

塔里木板块东北部坡北岩体内橄榄辉长苏长岩岩石成因

坡北岩体位于塔里木板块东北部,由5个阶段的岩浆作用形成,其中,第二阶段岩浆作用形成的侵入体岩石类型单一,主要为橄榄辉长苏长岩,局部有零星的辉长苏长岩和斜长岩。岩石的SiO₂—FeO/MgO图解显示其化学组成为钙碱性系列,但单斜辉石的Al₂O₃—SiO₂及n（Si）—n（Al^Ⅳ）图解表明母岩浆为拉斑玄武质岩浆。岩浆演化方向与岩石化学系列的转化是同化混染作用的结果,侵入体遭受了长城系古硐井岩群1.38%～3.15%的混染。原生岩浆为MgO含量约7.31%的玄武质岩浆。岩石的TiO₂、Na₂O、K₂O、稀土元素、大离子亲石元素丰度均很低;除一件样品外,其余岩石的ε_Nd（t）值为+2.54～+2.81,这些特征表明岩浆源区属亏损型大陆岩石圈地幔。岩浆在结晶过程中处于物理化学条件相对稳定的近平衡状态,局部不平衡分离结晶形成堆晶结构和纹层状构造,岩浆结晶温度约为1070℃。由于岩浆源区熔融程度低,导致原生岩浆贫硫,且岩浆在演化过程中没有经历充分的分离结晶作用,这些因素使得橄榄辉长苏长岩侵入体不具备硫达到过饱和进而发生铜镍硫化物熔离成矿的潜力。     

中国大陆岩石圈结构篱笆图及其说明——10条GGT地球物理资料

利用中国陆地 10条GGT地球物理资料编制中国岩石圈篱笆图 ,并加以说明。通过对地球物理特征和地质学分析 ,认为以大兴安岭—太行山—武陵山重力梯级带和青藏高原周边重力梯级带为界 ,可把中国陆地划分 3个岩石圈构造单元。中国陆壳既有三分结构也存在二分结构 ;对地壳中存在的低速带、高导带和天然地震带进行了划分。以大兴安岭—太行山—武陵山重力梯级带为界 ,两侧盆地具有不同的地球物理特征 ,这些特征与构造运动、均衡调整过程有关。莫霍面几乎遍布全国 ,它具有内部结构。下部地壳底部存在的地球物理异常与莫霍面有关 ,也可能与岩石圈地幔的变化有关。