CVD合成钻石的层状生长结构和紫外荧光特征

最近NGTC实验室检测出多批次CVD合成钻石,这些CVD合成钻石均具有明显的鉴定特征,使用钻石观测仪（DiamondViewTM）观察可见蓝色、橙红色荧光和蓝色磷光以及细密层状生长纹理,光致发光光谱中可见737 nm处的特征发光线.这些特征均与其生长结构及生长过程中进入钻石晶体中的杂质有关.笔者以最近检测过程中发现的一颗CVD合成钻石为例,使用高倍率显微技术对其层状结构的微细特征及其在钻石观测仪下的荧光特征的关系进行了详细观察和对比.结果显示,此样品与之前检测到的CVD合成钻石略有差异.此次检测到的样品在钻石观测仪（DiamondViewTM）下观察具有较宽的层状生长分区,层与层之间的分界线十分明显且在高倍显微镜下也可见到细微的生长特征.通过对样品特征的分析,了解了晶体生长过程中多阶段生长条件的变化,更直观的展现了CVD合成钻石的生长过程.     

Mineralogical studies of pyropes in kimberlites from China

Based on the measurements of refractive index,specific gravity,unit cell parameter,and mineral chemistry and infrared absorption spectrum analyses of pyropes in kimberlites from China,systematic studies of the Physical properties and compositional variations of pyropes of different colors and diverse paragenetic types,within and between kimberlite provinces have been undertaken,The origin of pyropes in the Kimberlites and the depth of their formation have been discussed.Pyropes of the purple series are different from those of the orange series in physical and chemical properties,for exaple,pyropes of the puple series are higher in α0,RI,SG,Cr2O3,MgO,Cr/(Cr Al),Mg/(Mg Fe),and Mg/(Mg Ca),and lower in Al2O3,Fe2O3 FeO than those of the orange series.The classification of garnets in kimberlites from china by the Dawson and Stephens‘ method(1975) has been undertaken and clearly demonstrates that pyropes of diamond-rich kimberlites contain much more groups than those of diamond-poor,especially diamond-free kimberlites.The higher in α0,RI,SG,Cr2O(3.Cr/(Cr Al),knorringite and Cr-component the pyropes are ,the richer in diamond the kimberlites will be.The infrared absorption spectrum patterns of pyropes change with their chemical composition regularly,as reflected in the shape and position of infrared absorption peaks.Two absortpion bands at 862-901 cm^-1 will grade into degeneration from splitting and the absorption band positions of pyropes shift toward lower frequency with increasing Cr2O3 content and Cr/(Cr Al) ratio of pyropes,LREE contents of orange pyrope megacrysts are similar to those of porple pyrope macrocrysts,but the former is higher in HREE than the latter,showing their different chondrite-normalized patterns.The formation pressures of pyropes calculated by Cr-component,Ca-component,knorringite molecules of pyropes show that some pyropes of the purple series in diamondiferous kimberlites fall into the diamond stability field.but all pyropes of diamond-free kimberlites lie outside the diamond stability field.The megacrysts were formed through early crystallization of kimberlites magma at high pressure condition,the majority of the purple pyrope macrocrysts have been derived from disaggregated xenoliths but the minoirty of them appear to be fragments of the discrete megacryst pyropes,or phenocrysts.     

Inclusions in diamonds from the K14 and K10 kimberlites, Buffalo Hills, Alberta, Canada: diamond growth in a plume?

Analyses of mineral inclusions, carbon isotopes, nitrogen contents and nitrogen aggregation states in 29 diamonds from two Buffalo Hills kimberlites in northern Alberta, Canada were conducted. From 25 inclusion bearing diamonds, the following paragenetic abundances were found: peridotitic (48%), eclogitic (32%), eclogitic/websteritic (8%), websteritic (4%), ultradeep? (4%) and unknown (4%). Diamonds containing mineral inclusions of ferropericlase, and mixed eclogitic-asthenospheric-websteritic and eclogitic-websteritic mineral associations suggests the possibility of diamond growth over a range of depths and in a variety of mantle environments (lithosphere, asthenosphere and possibly lower mantle).

Eclogitic diamonds have a broad range of C-isotopic composition (δ¹³C=−21‰ to −5‰). Peridotitic, websteritic and ultradeep diamonds have typical mantle C-isotope values (δ¹³C=−4.9‰ av.), except for two ¹³C-depleted peridotitic (δ¹³C=−11.8‰, −14.6‰) and one ¹³C-depleted websteritic diamond (δ¹³C=−11.9‰). Infrared spectra from 29 diamonds identified two diamond groups: 75% are nitrogen-free (Type II) or have fully aggregated nitrogen defects (Type IaB) with platelet degradation and low to moderate nitrogen contents (av. 330 ppm-N); 25% have lower nitrogen aggregation states and higher nitrogen contents (30% IaB; <1600 ppm-N).

The combined evidence suggests two generations of diamond growth. Type II and Type IaB diamonds with ultradeep, peridotitic, eclogitic and websteritic inclusions crystallised from eclogitic and peridotitic rocks while moving in a dynamic environment from the asthenosphere and possibly the lower mantle to the base of the lithosphere. Mechanisms for diamond movement through the mantle could be by mantle convection, or an ascending plume. The interaction of partial melts with eclogitic and peridotitic lithologies may have produced the intermediate websteritic inclusion compositions, and can explain diamonds of mixed parageneses, and the overlap in C-isotope values between parageneses. Strong deformation and extremely high nitrogen aggregation states in some diamonds may indicate high mantle storage temperatures and strain in the diamond growth environment. A second diamond group, with Type IaA–IaB nitrogen aggregation and peridotitic inclusions, crystallised at the base of the cratonic lithosphere. All diamonds were subsequently sampled by kimberlites and transported to the Earth's surface.     

金刚石呈色机制的新观点

已知金刚石中能产生颜色的点缺陷(即色心)主要有氮、硼、空穴、填隙子以及各种形式的氮与空穴的复合体。随着各种现代微束与谱学分析技术以及量子化学计算的应用，对金刚石晶格中氮、硼以外的杂质—氢与过渡金属离子的赋存状态的研究，我们发现了新的致色点缺陷：成键氢，镍、钴离子，及其与氮的复合体，从而形成了氢致色与过渡金属离子致色的金刚石呈色机制的新观点。     

中国原生金刚石的碳同位素组成及其来源

中国两大主要的原生金刚石产地--山东蒙阴和辽宁复县产出有大量的高质量金刚石.通过对这些纯净金刚石碳同位索组成的激光消熔质谱分析,发现这些地区单颗粒金刚石普遍存在碳同位素组成环带,而且含固态矿物包裹体的金刚石比不含包裹体的金刚石的环带结构更为明显;同时揭示了形成这些金刚石的碳来源于地幔深部,即幔源碳,而无来自地表的由重循环作用形成的壳源碳.     

关于薄壁金刚石钻头胎体性能的探讨

对薄壁金刚石钻头胎体进行了性能分析和配方设计探讨，尤其根据被钻切介质对钻头胎体性能的要求作了较详细的分析，从理论分析结合实践经验筛选出了钻切建筑石材和各种钢筋砼的钻头胎体配方，在生产中满足了钻头工作条件的要求。     

天然金刚石的定向红外光谱研究

本文对天然金刚石在垂直于（100）、（110）和（111）三个方向上定向红外光谱进行了定量比较分析，指出C－H键和C－C键在以上三个方向上的浓度不相同，引起C－C键和C－C键在不同方向上的浓度差异是由于氢具有优先取代垂直于（111）方向上C－C键中碳原子的倾向。     

博茨瓦纳和中国含金刚石金伯利岩的地质特征及对寻找类似岩体的启示

金刚石及其寄主岩石是人类认识地球深部物质组成和性质、壳幔和核幔物质循环重要研究对象。本文总结了中国不同金刚石类型的分布,着重对比了博茨瓦纳和中国含金刚石金伯利岩的地质特征,取得如下认识:(1)博茨瓦纳含矿原生岩石仅为金伯利岩,而中国含矿岩石成分复杂,金伯利岩主要出露在华北克拉通,展布于郯庐、华北中央和华北北缘金伯利岩带,具有工业价值的蒙阴和瓦房店矿床分布于郯庐金伯利岩带中;钾镁煌斑岩主要出露在华南克拉通,重点分布在江南和华南北缘钾镁煌斑岩带中;(2)钙钛矿原位U-Pb年龄和Sr、Nd同位素显示,86～97 Ma奥拉帕金伯利岩群和456～470 Ma蒙阴和瓦房店金伯利岩均具有低87Sr/86Sr(0.703～0.705)和中等εNd(t)(-0.09～+5)特征,指示金伯利岩浆源自弱亏损地幔或初始地幔源区;(3)博茨瓦纳金伯利岩体绝大多数以岩筒产出,而中国以脉状为主岩筒次之;博茨瓦纳岩筒绝大部分为火山口相,中国均为根部相,岩筒地表面积普遍小于前者;(4)奥拉帕A/K1和朱瓦能金伯利岩体是世界上为数不多的主要产出榴辉岩捕虏体和E型金刚石的岩筒之一,而同位于奥拉帕岩群的莱特拉卡内、丹姆沙和卡罗韦岩体与我国郯庐带的金伯利岩体类似,均主要产出地幔橄榄岩捕虏体以及P型和E型金刚石;(5)寻找含矿金伯利岩重点注意以下几点:克拉通内部和周缘深大断裂带是重要的控岩构造;镁铝榴石、镁钛铁矿、铬透辉石、铬尖晶石和铬金红石等是寻找含金刚石金伯利岩重要的指示矿物;航磁等地球物理测量需与土壤取样找矿方法相结合才能取得更好效果;(6)郯庐金伯利岩带、江南钾镁煌斑岩带和塔里木地块是中国重要含矿岩石的找矿靶区,冲积型金刚石成矿潜力巨大。     

地质钻探技术与应用研究

钻探技术是取得地下实物资料、验证地下信息推断与解释、最终圈定矿体、计算储量、评估品位唯一的技术手段,是实现取得宏观影响大成果的重要技术支撑.我国钻探技术和装备水平与国外先进国家相比有很大的差距,但近些年来有了长足的发展.通过国家重大科学工程项目“中国大陆科学钻探工程”5158m“科钻一井”的实施,取得了一系列钻探技术成...     

不锈钢纤维网对热压铁基预合金胎体抗冲击韧性的影响

针对孕镶金刚石钻头在孔底钻进时受到各种冲击力而导致胎体出现裂纹甚至断裂的问题,提出了应用不锈钢纤维网提高胎体抗冲击韧性的方法。通过控制纤维网的摆放位置、目数和层数3个变量,测试了不同组合变量下的胎体抗冲击韧性。通过试验得到：（1）不锈钢纤维网能有效提高胎体的抗冲击韧性,而且X轴位置效果更好;（2）当纤维网的目数相同时,胎体抗冲击韧性随纤维网层数的增加而减小;（3）在纤维网层数相同的情况下,随着纤维网目数的增加,胎体抗冲击韧性呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当添加30目单层纤维网时,胎体的抗冲击韧性达到最大值。通过观察冲击断口、分析胎体断裂机理,解释了出现这种规律的原因,并提出了进一步优化胎体抗冲击韧性的方法。