On the evolution and histology of some Cambrian protoconodonts,paraconodonts and primitive euconodonts

Although the history of Cambrian conodont study goes back to a century ago, it was not until 1959 that the systematic study of Cambrian conodonts was initi-ated[1]. During the last 44 years Cambrian conodonts have been well documented from all continents but Africa. However, the morphological evolution of para- conodonts and protoconodonts have been subjected to less study than the primitive euconodonts in the inter-val across the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary. Miller (1984) proposed a Weste…     

Types,geological features and geodynamic significances of gold-copper deposits in the Kanggurtag metallogenic belt,eastern Tianshan,NW China

Occupying the middle of the central Asia Paleozoic accretionary and collisional orogenic belt, the eastern Tianshan area has a great economic potential due to Au-Cu mineralization during syn- and post- orogenic events. In the Kanggurtag Au-Cu metallogenic belt, three major types of gold deposits have been recognized: ductile-shear-zone-hosted gold deposits, magmatic hydrothermal gold deposits, and epithermal gold deposits. Four kinds of copper deposits have also been identified recently: the porphyry-type, the skarn-type, the magmatic type, and volcanic/sedimentary-type. Tectonically, the development of these late Paleozoic gold and copper deposits was closely associated with the subduction and collision of the ancient Tianshan ocean that intervened between the Tarim craton and the Siberian block. In the early to mid-Carboniferous, N-dipping subduction beneath the Dananhu arc generated magmatic intrusions, leading to formation of the porphyry Cu deposits. The magmatic front migrated southward to form the Yamansu arc upon the Kanggurtag accretionary wedge. In the latest Carboniferous to early Permian, during the closure of the ancient Tianshan ocean, large mafic-ultramafic complexes were emplaced, resulting in several magmatic copper-nickel deposits. Gold deposits of the shear-zone-type are controlled by the Kanggurtag ductile shear zone, which is related to collisional orogenesis. The epithermal gold deposits are associated with extensional tectonics and post-tectonic volcanic activity. The tectonic settings, geological features, and temporal and spatial distributions of these different types of gold and copper deposits reflect, to a great extent, the accretionary and collisional tectonics that occurred between the northern margin of the Tarim block and the southern margin of the Siberian block.     

我国北方春季沙尘暴的异常及其对冬季青藏高原地面感热的响应

选用中国178个常规气象观测站建站～2000年历年春季沙尘暴日数资料,分析了近50a来中国北方春季沙尘暴的气候特征。在此基础上进一步揭示了我国北方沙尘暴的形成、发展以及造成的危害。结果表明：我国北方春季沙尘暴存在东西反位相差异,近50a来,春季沙尘暴日数总体趋势在减少,但20世纪末又有明显的回升趋势。这不仅与影响我国北方的冷空气路径有关,还与青藏高原冬季地面感热的异常密切相关。     

Brittle–ductile–brittle deformation during cooling of tonalite (Adamello, Southern Italian Alps)

Late- to post-magmatic deformation in slightly diachronous contiguous intrusions of the north-western Adamello batholith (Southern Alps, Italy) is recorded as, from oldest to youngest: (i) joints, (ii) solid-state ductile shear zones, (iii) faults associated with epidote-K-feldspar veins and (iv) zeolite veins and faults. Structures (ii) to (iv) are localized on the pervasive precursory network of joints (i), which developed during the earliest stages of pluton cooling. High temperature ( 500 °C), ductile overprinting of joints produced lineations, defined by aligned biotite and hornblende, on the joint surfaces and highly localized mylonites. The main phase of faulting, producing cataclasites and pseudotachylytes, occurred at  250 °C and was associated with extensive fluid infiltration. Cataclasites and pseudotachylytes are clustered along different E–W-striking dextral strike-slip fault zones correlated with the activity of the Tonale fault, a major tectonic structure that bounds the Adamello batholith to the north. Ductile deformation and cataclastic/veining episodes occurred at P = 0.25–0.3 GPa during rapid cooling of the batholith to the ambient temperatures ( 250 °C) that preceded the exhumation of the batholith. Timing of the sequence of deformation can be constrained by ³⁹Ar–⁴⁰Ar ages of  30 Ma on pseudotachylytes and various existing mineral ages. In the whole composite Adamello batholith, multiple magma pulses were intruded over the time span 42–30 Ma and each intrusive body shows the same ductile-to-brittle structural sequence localized on the early joint sets. This deformation sequence of the Adamello might be typical of intrusions undergoing cooling at depths close to the brittle–ductile transition.     

金沙江下段河槽地貌特征与地貌过程*

文章利用金沙江河谷地貌调查与水利工程选址勘察地质资料,根据河槽纵剖面与18个河谷横剖面的资料以及攀枝花金江河段、会理鱼鲊河段、元谋龙街河段、禄劝凹嘎河段的阶地调查结果,对金沙江下段河槽地貌进行了初步分析,金沙江下段的河谷为典型的深切"V"形河谷,在虎跳峡、乌东德、白鹤滩峡谷段河槽比降发生明显变化。根据河谷阶地下切幅度与形成时代,以T₃阶地计算金沙江下段河槽平均下切速率达到0.71~1.18m/ka,以T₂阶地计算金沙江下段河槽平均下切速率为0.75~1.36m/ka,因此,近十几万年来,金沙江下段河谷平均下切速率达到0.9~1.0m/ka。现代金沙江河槽底部均堆积了一定厚度的冲积-崩积物覆盖层,最厚的石鼓剖面河床底部冲积物盖层达到173m,一般河段堆积物盖层均达10m以上。金沙江河槽的迁移是河槽下切过程与岸坡崩塌过程综合作用的结果,形成原河槽崩塌阻塞,河槽被动迁移或原河槽改道下切,形成古河槽-离堆山-新河槽的地貌组合,以及河槽侧向迁移3种模式。     

鄱阳湖湿地地理信息系统建设及其关键技术研究

以鄱阳湖湿地为研究对象,建立了集知识、模型和决策为一体的鄱阳湖湿地基础地理信息系统,在一定程度上解决了湿地生态经济建设中环境污染及水文监测、洪涝灾害预测、湿地土地规划时空演变模拟以及水利枢纽建设等不同行业相关业务之间既紧密联系又相互隔离的矛盾。     

干旱区绿洲土地利用/土地覆被动态演变研究

选择生态环境脆弱的艾比湖流域内绿洲为研究对象,以1990年、2001年、2010年三期TM和ETM+影像为数据源,采用SVM分类方法进行土地利用/覆盖类型分类、统计与分析研究区20年土地利用/覆盖时空动态变化。研究结果表明:1)1990～2001年除了裸地面积减少外,其他地类均有增加,且耕地面积增加幅度最大,面积增加了483.42 km2。2001～2010年除了耕地面积增加了488.87 km2,其余地类的面积都有不同程度的减少。而研究期间裸地面积一直呈现不断下降的趋势,在20年间共减少了1 186.43 km2。2)经济发展、政策、人口以及自然环境等驱动因素对研究区土地利用结构变化影响甚为显著,而人口迅速增加对农产品的大量需求促使耕地变化剧烈,面积大幅增长。因此,合理地控制人口数量,正确的政府政策导向和合理经济发展需求是干旱区绿洲土地可持续发展的关键。     

非洲粮食问题的时空演化研究

非洲粮食生产与发展面临着诸多的困难与挑战,其粮食问题一直是国际社会关注的热点之一。本文研究的非洲粮食问题主要是指其粮食生产、消费及其自给能力方面存在的问题,从时间与空间视角对非洲粮食此类问题的演化过程和成因进行了初步探讨。时间视角上,考虑到20世纪90年代中期到21世纪初期非洲粮食问题表现较为典型,同时限于相关数据获取因素故,仅研究了1994-2007年,非洲粮食生产量、粮食消费量及生产性粮食缺口量的演化;空间视角上,从整体与区域两个层面,探讨了非洲不同粮食自给类型国家的空间差异及演化。最后提出解决非洲粮食问题的相关对策与建议。     

基于光释光测年研究青海湖三种沼泽湿地的发育及沉积速率

近百年来由于受气候暖干化、青海湖湖体水位下降和周围草地退化及沙化趋势加剧等生态环境变化,加速了湿地环境变迁的生态过程。本研究在青海湖北岸地区选取三种典型沼泽湿地(藏嵩草kobresia ti-betica、华扁穗草Blysmus sinocompressus、盐地凤毛菊Saussurea salsa),建立地层的年代序列,计算得到每一测年段内的沉积速率,结合前人研究的历史气候变化,分析湿地形成的历史背景,初步揭示三种沼泽湿地的发育和沉积规律与全球变化的耦合性。结果表明光释光测得的三种沼泽湿地其发育时期各不相同,华扁穗草沼泽湿地发育于8.436±0.6 ka,藏嵩草沼泽湿地发育于2.058±0.11 ka,盐地凤毛菊沼泽湿地发育于1.143±0.20 ka;从整个剖面的平均沉积速率来看盐地凤毛菊湿地沉积最快(0.63 mm/a),藏嵩草湿地次之(0.39 mm/a),华扁穗湿地最慢(0.09 mm/a)。三种沼泽湿地主要在气候由暖干向湿润期转变时形成,自形成以来由于受到全球变化和人类因素的影响,沉积并非随时间呈线性关系发展。     

天津七里海古泻湖湿地环境演变研究

七里海古泻湖湿地位于天津市宁河县西南部,是全新世以来海退过程在天津平原留下的众多古泻湖湿地之一。分析了七里海古泻湖湿地形成、演变的区域地质背景,指出七里海古泻湖至少经历了3次大规模萎缩,其西南部萎缩较快,东北部萎缩相对较慢。利用历史资料研究了近5000a七里海古泻湖湿地的形成、演变过程,并以1950年航空照片和1976年、1981年、1987年、2000年、2005年的MSS、TM和ETM+影像数据为主要数据源,用遥感和地理信息系统技术研究了近百年七里海古泻湖湿地的环境变化。结果表明,距今5000a,七里海地区为海相沉积环境,海岸线穿越宁河的潘庄镇、大海北、小海北一带;距今3800～3000a,海岸线退至造甲城、七里海镇一带;到清朝乾隆年间,七里海湿地逐渐被分割成前海、后海、曲里海3部分,湖底不断淤积,水面不断萎缩,逐渐演变为湖泊、沼泽湿地;1926～2005年间,七里海湿地大致经历了3个变化阶段:1926～1950年为自然变化阶段,七里海湿地的变化主要受自然因素的影响,该阶段七里海湿地仍由前海、后海、曲里海3部分组成;1951～1981年为改造治理阶段,七里海被潮白河拦腰截断,分为东、西七里海,后海被改造为农田;1982～2005年为围垦和水产养殖阶段,东、西七里海的大面积水域以及湿地周围的大片农田都被改建为养殖池,自然湿地在减少,人工湿地在不断增加,导致七里海湿地景观类型日趋单一,生物多样性明显减少。