Desertification in the Arab Region: analysis of current status and trends

The total area of the Arab Region is about 14·2 million km², 90% of it lies within arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. The area is characterized by harsh environment, fragile ecosystems and limited water resources and arable lands. Throughout its long history these lands were the main source of grain and animal production.By the end of this century and in spite of the national, regional and international efforts to combat desertification and mitigate the effect of drought and desiccation, desertification is still one of the major environmental problems in the Arab Region. The rapid increase in population by some 3% annually, considered among the highest worldwide, along with the changing of consumption patterns and life styles, resulting in increasing food demand, have hastened land degradation in this arid environment.Land degradation in the Arab Region due to misuse is widespread and is proceeding at accelerating rates. Failures of resource management policies are aggravated by overgrazing, overexploitation of water and land resources, overcultivation of marginal lands, deforestation, and the use of inappropriate technologies.This paper attempts to provide:

• A synthesis and analysis of the status of desertification in the Arab Region.

• Identification of the major causes and trends of land degradation.

• Highlighting the limitations and constraints on combating desertification in the Arab Region.

中国港口分布格局的演化与发展机理

长时间序列的港口分布格局的演化规律, 一直是国内外交通地理学有待解决的问题, 而考察港口体系的长期演变规律, 有助于对目前港口体系发展阶段的判断, 并为未来优化提供科学支撑。基于国内外港口体系研究现状的评述, 本文从内河和沿海两个方面, 对秦汉时期以来中国港口分布格局的发展过程与空间特征进行系统解析, 认为存在秦汉至南北朝、隋唐至南宋、元朝至明中叶、明中叶至鸦片战争、鸦片战争至1949 年和1949 年至今等六个阶段, 各阶段呈现不同的分布特征。并且, 本文从产业布局、政治经济空间关系、大宗物资运 输、国际贸易、外来势力和现代交通等多角度出发, 深入分析了中国港口分布格局演化的基本机理。同时, 本文从空间格局演化轨迹、首要港口变迁、驱动机制、港口体系开放性、港口区位和发展阶段等角度, 系统总结了中国港口分布格局的基本发展规律。     

我国空港都市区的形成条件与趋势研究

文章阐述了空港都市区这一概念内涵,并就其与相关概念的关系进行了辨析.从技术的进步导致机场及航空业的发展、产业结构和全球竞争方式的变化、城市发展模式多中心化的趋势、政府推动等几个方面论述了空港都市区形成的动力机制.在上述形成机制探讨的基础上,对我国空港都市区发展的阶段进行了判断,进而通过对我国空港都市区相关形成条件的考察,提出了我国空港都市区的未来发展趋势,并针对未来发展提出了建议.     

再议青藏高原东北边缘及毗邻地区人工防雹消雹工作的意义

从青藏高原东北边缘及毗邻地区特殊的地域、气候背景和该地域降雹的特点出发,结合目前国内外冰雹研究的现状和趋势,阐述了在该地域加强冰雹和冰雹云研究的必要性,指出了在当地从事本项研究的注重问题和研究方向。     

库车镇发展规划初探

本文通过分析库车镇的地位、职能及其城镇格局的演化过程，就库车镇发展规划中的一些问题进行了初步的探讨。     

How Frequently Will the Persistent Heavy Rainfall over the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin in Summer 2020 Happen under Global Warming?

The middle and lower Yangtze River basin (MLYRB) suffered persistent heavy rainfall in summer 2020, with nearly continuous rainfall for about six consecutive weeks. How the likelihood of persistent heavy rainfall resembling that which occurred over the MLYRB in summer 2020 (hereafter 2020PHR-like event) would change under global warming is investigated. An index that reflects maximum accumulated precipitation during a consecutive five-week period in summer (Rx35day) is introduced. This accumulated precipitation index in summer 2020 is 60% stronger than the climatology, and a statistical analysis further shows that the 2020 event is a 1-in-70-year event. The model projection results derived from the 50-member ensemble of CanESM2 and the multimodel ensemble (MME) of the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models show that the occurrence probability of the 2020PHR-like event will dramatically increase under global warming. Based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnoff test, one-third of the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models that have reasonable performance in reproducing the 2020PHR-like event in their historical simulations are selected for the future projection study. The CMIP5 and CMIP6 MME results show that the occurrence probability of the 2020PHR-like event under the present-day climate will be double under lower-emission scenarios (CMIP5 RCP4.5, CMIP6 SSP1-2.6, and SSP2-4.5) and 3–5 times greater under higher-emission scenarios (3.0 times for CMIP5 RCP8.5, 2.9 times for CMIP6 SSP3-7.0, and 4.8 times for CMIP6 SSP5-8.5). The inter-model spread of the probability change is small, lending confidence to the projection results. The results provide a scientific reference for mitigation of and adaptation to future climate change.     

Symposium On Sediment Storage In Rivers And Estuaries

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浙江省海岛地域城镇发展战略研究

文章通过对浙江省海岛地域城镇发展条件的优劣势分析，提出了“突破瓶颈，转化优势；优化结构，提升规模；加速集聚，重点开发；开放协调，海陆一体；保护生态，持续发展；突出特色，塑造景观”等海岛城镇的发展战略。     

气温对呼吸和循环系统疾病影响及未来变化预估研究综述

随着全球气候变化的加剧,极端天气气候事件对相关人群健康的影响越发凸显。气温是气候变化的主要指标之一,也是影响人体健康关键的气象因素,呼吸和循环系统疾病作为主要的气象敏感性疾病,受气温的影响显著。本文通过梳理国内外气温对呼吸、循环系统疾病影响及未来随气候变化的风险预估等相关研究,探明了气温对诱发呼吸、循环系统疾病乃至死亡的共性和差异;适宜温度有利于降低呼吸、循环系统疾病的发病率,这为气候趋利的候鸟式旅居康养提供了理论依据。未来中国高温天气发生频次增加和强度增强,对老年人群及呼吸、循环系统疾病患者将产生更大影响。因此,候鸟式夏季避暑康养、有效降低其发病风险就显得更为重要。     

基于农户生计策略的土地利用/覆被变化效应综述

农户生计策略变化是农户面对环境变化和自身生计资产所作出的一种理性选择,它直接影响到人类活动与自然环境之间的相互作用,并在很大程度上驱动着农村人地系统的演化。通过对国内外农户生计策略变化研究进展的系统阐述和理论总结,重点阐明农户生计策略内涵、可持续生计框架、生计策略变化对土地利用/覆被变化的影响等方面,提出生计非农化和农业集约化是当前发展中国家和地区农户生计策略变化的主要趋势。最后,结合当前社会经济需求和科学研究需求,展望未来农户生计策略变化的研究趋势。