晋城地区煤层气解吸及碳同位素分馏特征

通过晋城地区煤心样的解吸实验,计算获得该区煤层甲烷的解吸率为65.0% ~ 96.2%,预测煤层气井应具有较高的采收率。煤层吸附时间为0.33~8 d,表明生产井短时间内可以达到产能高峰。罐装煤样气体解吸过程可分为两个阶段,第一阶段气体解吸速率较高,第二阶段解吸速率较低。解吸过程中甲烷碳同位素变重的趋势同样可分为先快后慢两个阶段。煤储层气体解吸过程中发生的同位素分馏效应导致井口气样甲烷碳同位素值在一定范围内波动。波动持续时间越长,预示该井的开采稳定性越好,可以获得长期稳定的产气量。通过对煤样解吸气量与甲烷碳同位素的相关分析,获得了总解吸量预测方程,根据该方程可以预测生产井的可采储量。     

煤基质中甲烷扩散动力学特性研究

甲烷在煤基质中的质量传递过程可用费克第一定律或费克第二定律来模拟。本文通过等温吸附-解吸实验的动力学数据,以费克第二定律为理论基础,对煤基质球形单元模型建立了试验求取扩散特性的方法。晋城煤样等温吸附及解吸实验的数据处理结果表明,吸附-解吸速率均随压力及煤样气含量的增加而增加;吸附速率与解吸速率随压力的变化曲线基本相同。      

水溶性有机质对土壤中污染物环境行为影响的研究进展

水溶性有机质(DOM)作为有机配位体,含有羧基、羟基、羰基和甲氧基等活性功能团,可以通过与土壤中的污染物发生离子交换、吸附、络合、螯合、凝絮、氧化还原等一系列反应,进而影响它们在土壤中的形态、迁移转化和最终归宿。本文概述了DOM在土壤中的吸附,系统总结了近年来国内外关于水溶性有机质对土壤中污染物影响的研究进展,阐述了水溶性有机质能提高重金属的溶解度及其对重金属、农药、PAHs吸附解吸、迁移等环境行为所起的作用,最后指出今后应该进一步研究的问题。     

226Ra and 228Ra in the mixing zones of the Pee Dee River-Winyah Bay,Yangtze River and Delaware Bay Estuaries

²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra have non-conservative excess concentrations in the mixing zones of the Pee Dee River-Winyah Bay estuary, the Yangtze River estuary, and the Delaware Bay estuary. Laboratory experiments, using Pee Dee River sediment, indicate desorption of ²²⁶Ra to increase with increasing salinities up to 20‰. In Winyah Bay desorption from river-borne sediments could contribute almost all of the increases for both isotopes. Desorption adds only a portion of the excess ²²⁸Ra measured in the Yangtse River and adjacent Shelf waters and Delaware Bay. In the Yangtze River the mixing zone extends over a considerable portion of the Continental Shelf where ²²⁸Ra is added to the water column by diffusion from bottom sediments, while ²²⁶Ra concentrations decrease from dilution. Diffusion of ²²⁸Ra from bottom sediments in Delaware Bay primarily occurs in the upper part of the bay (< 22‰ water) where fine grained sediments predominate. A diffusive flux for ²²⁸Ra of 0·33 dpm cm^?2 year was determined for Delaware Bay.     

发动机排气余热吸附式制冷机性能及其热力学机理的研究(英文)

分析一台以6缸柴油机排气余热为热源的吸附式制冷机的性能和热力机理。研制了一台以CaCl2为吸附剂，NH3为工质的8KW冷量吸附式制冷机。该制冷机的工作特性表明在不变蒸发温度时，制冷机冷量随发动机排气功率变化。对吸附制冷单管的热力试验研究表明；CaCl2介质中的热／质迁移是相互作用的。建立了以非平衡态热力学为基础的数值模型来描述这些热力过程。     

煤层气─固界面作用与吸附模型

按照毛细管模型与单分子层作用模型, 推导了煤层气-固界面作用与煤层渗透性的关系;根据煤层气吸附实验资料, 运用非线性回归方法, 分别按Langmuir吸附理论和BET吸附理论计算了煤层气吸附规律。实例分析表明:煤层气-固界面作用的强弱与煤层介质的渗透率平方根或煤层介质的孔径大小成反比, 它揭示了低渗透煤层气解吸困难、开采难度较大的机理;BET吸附模型比Langmuir吸附模型能更好地描述煤层气的吸附规律。研究结果为煤层气开发工程提供了科学依据。      

煤层甲烷解吸—扩散—渗流过程的影响因素分析

从煤层甲烷产出机理入手,分析了影响煤层甲烷解吸、扩散和渗流过程的因素。结果表明:影响解吸的因素主要是压力、含气量、煤的水分含量、基块尺寸、温度等;影响甲烷扩散的因素主要是甲烷浓度、扩散距离、平均自由程和煤岩孔隙分布;而影响渗流的因素有渗透率、裂隙发育状况、压差、储层损害等。进而指出,解吸、扩散和渗流3个环节紧密相连,相互影响,相互制约,三者的最佳匹配将是煤层气经济开发的必要条件。      

针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为与热力学研究

采用批量振荡吸附平衡法设计针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸试验,对比研究了针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为,并考察了不同K＋浓度的溶液对蒙脱石吸附菲的影响,比较分析了线性吸附模型和Freundlich吸附模型描述矿物吸附等温线的准确性,并从吸附热力学角度探讨了矿物的吸附机理。结果表明：针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸均表现出明显的非线性和解吸滞后现象;相对于线性吸附模型来说,针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸更符合Freundiich吸附模型;与蒙脱石相比,针铁矿对菲的吸附更为显著,且具有更好的稳定性;溶液中软阳离子K＋的存在使蒙脱石对菲的吸附能力得到显著提高;菲在蒙脱石和针铁矿上的吸附过程是一个自发放热,同时伴随着熵值减小的过程;随着温度的升高,蒙脱石和针铁矿对菲的吸附能力均减弱。     

咸水环境下沉积物中镭的解吸特点

海底沉积物向上覆水体扩散的镭是海洋水体中镭同位素的重要来源之一。为了研究沉积物中镭同位素的解吸和扩散特点,进行了不同盐度和不同粒度条件下224Ra和226Ra解吸的模拟实验,并通过多个时间段的沉积物培养实验获取224Ra和226Ra的扩散通量。实验结果表明:随着水体盐度增大,沉积物中224Ra、226Ra的解吸量随之增加,在盐度为25时,解吸量基本达到最大值;在同一咸水环境条件下,4个粒级(2000~1000μm、1000~500μm、500~250μm、250~125μm)的沉积物的224Ra、226Ra解吸量比较接近,粒级2000μm的224Ra、226Ra解吸量略高于上述4个粒级,而粒级125μm的224Ra、226Ra解吸量远大于上述5个粒级;胶州湾沉积物中224Ra和226Ra的平均扩散通量分别为0.85 Bq·m–2·d–1和0.022 Bq·m–2·d–1。     

Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies on Removal of Lead(II) onto Glutamic Acid/Sepiolite

In this study, a modified method was used to increase the adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions by using modified clay mineral on the laboratory scale. Adsorption experiments have been carried out on the use of both thermal activated sepiolite (TAS) and their glutamate/sepiolite modification (GS) as adsorbents. The experimental data was analyzed using adsorption kinetic models (pseudo first‐ and second‐order equations). The pseudo second‐order kinetic model fitted well to the kinetic data (R² ≥ 0.99). Then, the Freundlich and Langmuir models were applied to describe the uptake of Pb(II) on GS and the Langmuir isotherm model agrees well with the equilibrium experimental data (R² ≥ 0.97). The maximum adsorption capacity was observed to be 128.205 mg/g by GS according to the Langmuir equation. Desorption efficiency of the GS was studied by the batch method using EDTA, HCl, and HNO₃ solutions. Desorption of 69.18, 74.55, and 80% of Pb(II) from GS was achieved with 0.1 M EDTA, 0.1 M HCl, and 0.1 M HNO₃ solutions, respectively. FTIR analysis suggests the importance of functional groups such as amino, hydroxyl, and carboxyl during Pb(II) removal. SEM observations demonstrated that an important interaction at the lead‐modified sepiolite interface occurred during the adsorption process. In addition, the thermodynamic constants was calculated that the values of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG*), enthalpy (ΔH*), and entropy (ΔS*) of modification were 86.79 kJ/mol, ?18.91 kJ/mol, and ?354.70 J/mol/K, respectively. The negative value of ΔH* shows exothermic nature of adsorption.