沙漠非传统节事旅游的影响因素及驱动机制——以阿拉善沙漠e族英雄会为例

沙漠非传统节事旅游正在兴起,并对地方经济、文化产生深刻影响。以阿拉善沙漠e族英雄会为例,结合问卷调查和地理探测器,探究了沙漠非传统节事游客出游的影响因素及驱动机制,并为沙漠非传统节事旅游的发展提出建议。结果表明：（1）亚文化群体是沙漠非传统节事旅游的主导者,具有亚文化性、团体性、爆发性和跨地域性特征。（2）影响沙漠非传统节事旅游的推力因素依次为社交和休闲 > 附带出游 > 求新求异 > 寻求亚文化归属;拉力因素依次为亚文化主题活动 > 商品展销 > 英雄会文化 > 地域文化,推、拉力驱动因子之间交互作用并呈双因子非线性增强,形成“T （推力）激发旅游需要—L （拉力）催生旅游动机—T、L共同促成旅游行为”的驱动过程。（3）沙漠非传统节事旅游流的产生一般要在推力和拉力的相互作用下经历旅游需要—旅游动机—旅游需求—旅游决策—旅游行为5个阶段。     

Gravel dispersion on a granite pediment (East Mojave Desert,California): a short-term look at erosional processes

Hypotheses about the influence of surface shape, landscape unit and vegetation cover on gravel dispersion were tested on a shallowly dissected portion of a low-sloping granite pediment in the East Mojave Desert of California. Painted gravels (2 to 20 mm diameter) were placed at 117 nodes on a 6m × 3m grid. Gravel movements were recorded after 9.7 cm of precipitation over a four-month period. Vectors indicating the magnitude and direction of gravel movement were longest for summits (24 cm, 34 nodes observed) and shortest for backslopes (14 cm, 27 nodes observed). Gravels beneath shrub canopies were protected significantly from rainsplash transport. To describe dispersion symmetry, eccentricity values were calculated using a ratio of variances of major and minor axes of an ellipse. Mean eccentricity values ranged from about 3 to 250 with dispersion on summits being the most symmetrical and dispersion in washes being the most elongated. Erosion is the most important soil- and pediment-modifying process at upper elevations of the Granite Cove Pediment which is cut off from sediment additions because of washes incised at the base of the mountain front. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow behaviour,suspended sediment transport and transmission losses in a small (sub‐bank‐full) flow event in an Australian desert stream

The behaviour of a discrete sub‐bank‐full flow event in a small desert stream in western NSW, Australia, is analysed from direct observation and sediment sampling during the flow event and from later channel surveys. The flow event, the result of an isolated afternoon thunderstorm, had a peak discharge of 9 m³/s at an upstream station. Transmission loss totally consumed the flow over the following 7·6 km. Suspended sediment concentration was highest at the flow front (not the discharge peak) and declined linearly with the log of time since passage of the flow front, regardless of discharge variation. The transmission loss responsible for the waning and eventual cessation of flow occurred at a mean rate of 13.2% per km. This is quite rapid, and is more than twice the corresponding figure for bank‐full flows estimated by Dunkerley (1992) on the same stream system. It is proposed that transmission losses in ephemeral streams of the kind studied may be minimized in flows near bank‐full stage, and be higher in both sub‐bank‐full and overbank flows. Factors contributing to enhanced flow loss in the sub‐bank‐full flow studied included abstractions of flow to pools, scour holes and other low points along the channel, and overflow abstractions into channel filaments that did not rejoin the main flow. On the other hand, losses were curtailed by the shallow depth of banks wetted and by extensive mud drapes that were set down over sand bars and other porous channel materials during the flow. Thus, in contrast with the relatively regular pattern of transmission loss inferred from large floods, losses from low flows exhibit marked spatial variability and depend to a considerable extent on streamwise variations in channel geometry, in addition to the depth and porosity of channel perimeter sediments. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大直径顶管穿越沙漠深部护壁浆液体系研究与应用

大直径顶管穿越沙漠深部顶进阻力大、地层稳定性差、易垮塌、冒顶、护壁困难,砂层多夹有最大直径达4 cm的圆砾,管道最大埋深达50 m,国内外尚无顶管护壁浆液能有效稳定深部砂层降低顶进阻力。本文提出粘土-CMC聚合物浆液用作沙漠深部大直径顶管护壁,探讨浆液护壁及渗透机理,研究浆液性能随材料加量变化的关系,重点分析流变性、失水造壁性、润滑性的变化规律,得出浆液最优化配比。工程应用表明,该护壁浆液能有效稳定砂层,保护隧洞,降低顶进阻力,大直径顶管成功穿越沙漠深部,最大轴线偏差未超过50 mm,顶力未出现急速增长。     

Controls on Early Cretaceous desert sediment provenance in south-west Gondwana,Botucatu Formation (Brazil and Uruguay)

The Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation records the development of widespread dry–aeolian desert sedimentation throughout the Paraná Basin in south-west Gondwana. To reconstruct the provenance of the aeolian sediment, petrography, granulometric analysis, U-Pb detrital zircon ages have been determined from along the southern basin margin in Rio Grande do Sul state (southern Brazil) and Uruguay (Tacuarembó region). The dataset reveals a mean composition Qt₈₉F₈L₃, comprising very fine to medium-grained quartozose and feldspatho-quartzose framework. Heavy mineral analysis reveals an overall dominance of zircon, tourmaline and rutile grains (mean ZTR_0.84) with sporadic garnet, epidote and pyrolusite occurrences. The detrital zircon U-Pb ages are dominated by Cambrian to Neoproterozoic (515 to 650 Ma), Tonian to Stenian (900 to 1250 Ma) and Orosirian to Rhyacian (1.8 to 2.2 Ga) material. The detrital zircon dataset demonstrates a significant lateral variation in sediment provenance: Cambrian to Neoproterozoic detrital zircons dominate in the east, while Tonian to Stenian and Orosirian to Rhyacian ages predominate in the west of the study area. Sandstones are quartz-rich with dominantly durable zircon, tourmaline and rutile heavy mineral suite, with subtle but statistically significant along-strike differences in heavy mineral populations and detrital mineralogy which are thought to record local sediment input points into the aeolian system. The similar age spectra of Botucatu desert with proximal Paraná Basin units, the predominance of quartzose, and zircon, tourmaline and rutile components, suggests that recycling is the mechanism responsible for the erg feeding.     

A high magnitude storm and flood in a hyperarid catchment,Nahal Zin,Negev Desert,Israel

In October 1991 a high magnitude rainstorm flood, estimated return period 40 years, occurred in Nahal Zin, a 1400 km² catchment in the hyperarid Negev Desert. The meso-scale structure of the storm was a curved squall line that developed from a thunderstorm in accordance with the topography of the catchment divide, by which it was strongly affected. Tropical moisture reached the area via the subtropical jet stream, in conjunction with a lower level northward intrusion of the Red Sea trough (RST-N) into the Mediterranean Sea. Rainfall, as measured at the few and sparse gauging stations, was much too small to account for the resulting large flood. Peak flow and other hydraulic characteristics of the flood were indirectly reconstructed. The techniques of palaeoflood hydrology used were based on sedimentological evidence of fine-grained flood sediments deposited in back-flooded tributaries, as well as on other stage indicators. The HEC-2 procedure was employed to determine water surface profiles. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the event were studied through a combination of rainstorm analysis, remote sensing, hydrological and sedimentological data; they jointly explain the magnitude and timing of tributary contributions producing the integrated flood in the main channel. The flood as reconstructed reveals a three-peak hydrograph: two peaks were generated by the same storm but had different floodwave arrival times in the main channel; the third resulted from a local rainstorm which occurred on the following day and covered only one tributary. The curved structure of the storm and its dynamics in relation to catchment orientation resulted in storm move- ment in tandem with the floodwave. The synchronous contribution from all main tributaries preserved evidence of the floodwave both in stage and volume by replacing the transmission losses in the sections with thick alluvium. Other high magnitude floods on record for the large Negev Desert catchments are caused by a cold upper air incursion associated with the RST-N. Most of them occur in the autumn and are caused by storms with high-intensity rainfall. This is in stark contrast with the flooding behaviour of the semi-arid zone further north, which is linked primarily to the core of the Mediterranean winter. The complexities involved in the generation of a large desert flood, as revealed by this study, illustrate the fallacy of applying routine hydrological modelling to such events, and underline the need to study the processes involved in adequate detail. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地晴天与沙尘暴天气大气边界层对比分析

根据2017、2019年7月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地GPS探空和地面观测数据,利用位温廓线法等方法,对比分析了沙漠腹地夏季晴天和沙尘暴天气大气边界层结构变化特征。结果表明：晴天和沙尘暴天气大气边界层结构特征显著不同。晴天大气边界层各气象要素垂直分布较为均一,白天对流边界层深厚,高度接近5 km,夜间稳定边界层一般在500 m左右。沙尘暴天气边界层内位温和比湿垂直变化较小,风速较大,可达24.0 m/s,其白天对流边界层在1.5 km左右,夜间稳定边界层在1 km左右。晴天辐射强烈,地表升温迅速,湍流旺盛,是形成晴天深厚对流边界层的主要因素。大尺度天气系统冷平流的动力条件,以及云和沙尘减弱了到达地表的辐射强度是形成沙尘暴天气独特的大气边界层结构的主要因素。     

我国沙漠旅游发展特点及对策

沙漠旅游是一项具有地域性、综合性的新兴旅游产品.在分析我国沙漠旅游发展现状的基础上,总结了所具有的特点,即:资源丰富,景观独特;景区档次高,类型多样;旅游产品多元化,旅游项目注重参与体验;和生态旅游有机结合,注重环保教育等.为促进沙漠旅游的可持续发展,实现沙漠旅游的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的统一,提出了发展沙漠生态旅游,实施沙漠知识经济战略,发挥沙漠旅游的社会教育功能等发展思路.     

中国北方沙漠地区全新世气候变化的周期性探讨

随着高精度全新世气候变化研究的深入,千、百年尺度上气候波动、周期性变化和气候事件不断被发现。北大西洋深海沉积物中发现的IRD事件、千年尺度上的约1500年周期性气候振荡已经被许多研究者共识,并在陆地湖泊、冰心乃至沙地和沙漠的沉积物中均有发现。百年尺度上的512年、400年、200年等周期性气候振荡还有待深入研究。研究表明,全新世以来,中国北方地区沙漠的扩大与缩小与全球气候的周期性变化具有密切的相关性,尤其是与千年尺度上的1500年的周期性震荡有关;数年-数十年尺度上的周期性气候振荡对我国沙尘暴的发生起着明显的控制作用。     

民勤荒漠生态区划研究

民勤属于典型荒漠化地区,20世纪50年代以来,当地以造林为主防沙治沙,然而生态环境持续恶化。民勤的荒漠化形式要求我们重新审视我们的荒漠生态对策。以民勤荒漠区为例对荒漠生态区划进行了初步探索,上与综合自然区划相衔接,下与区域规划相结合,增加了生态设计的内容,区划出了人为活动的区域、范围和干预的强度,因此更具体化、更具实际操作性。提出了一些荒漠生态区划方面必须坚持的原则,在建立指标体系时,考虑了人类活动的影响和资源利用方式,以及以节水和保护水资源为中心和以封育保护为主的荒漠生态对策。