干热河谷气候区荒坡生物治理技术─—以东川蒋家沟大凹子村为例

在分析研究区生态环境实际问题基础上,提出了生物治理干热河谷区荒坡的对策措施,并对这些措施的治理效益进行了观测、评价．     

末次间冰期以来沙漠-黄土边界带移动与气候变化

位于现代季风区边缘的沙漠－黄土边界带，具有高度不稳定性。末次间冰期以来历经多次北进南退移动和暖湿、冷干变化。依据古风成砂－黄土－古土壤叠覆更替的沉积序列和磁化率等气候代用指标分析，对末次间冰期以来，尤其是特征时期边界带的位置进行了讨论。其中，盛冰期时移动幅度最大，南界可能达３０°Ｎ左右；末次间冰期和全新世气候鼎盛期最靠西北，南界在古长城以北。全球冰期－间冰期波动导致的气候变化以及东亚冬夏季风强弱变化是控制边界带移动和气候变化的根本因素。     

中国中东部白垩纪沙漠的时空分布及其气候意义

本文介绍了中国中东部白垩纪沙漠沉积的时空分布，探讨了时空分布规律，认为：（１）中东部白垩纪沙漠分布严格受气候带控制，其实际分布限于北纬２０—４０°的干旱带（横跨当时的副热高压带），主要分布于鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地、江汉盆地和苏北盆地之中；（２）各盆地沙漠发生的时间不同，鄂尔多斯盆地为早白垩世，四川盆地为中白垩世晚期，江汉盆地为晚白垩世早期，苏北盆地为晚白垩世中期，（３）沙漠发生的穿时性反映了各盆地进入干旱带的顺序，由北到南，由西及东；（４）造成这种顺序的原因是由于亚洲在白垩纪时其总体为顺时针旋转，因而使西北部鄂尔多斯盆地率先进入干旱带，其次是西南部的四川盆地，然后是中部的江汉盆地。晚白垩世的降温事件迫使干旱带南移而使其滞后的最东部的苏北盆地进入干旱带，（５）中国白垩纪沙漠的存在说明处于“温室效应”的大气环流不仅不会“呆滞”而且还有所增强，季风的存在也说明当时的气候并不均一。本文提出了气候带漂变（ｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｚｏｎｅｄｒｉｆｔ）的概念，认为气候变化的表现形式为气候带漂变。漂变既有长周期和短周期漂变之分，又有相对和绝对漂变之别。中国中东部白垩纪沙漠的时空变迁就是干旱气候带漂变的结果。     

沙漠边缘地区苹果园节水栽培研究

对沙漠边缘地区苹果园进行地面覆盖，可明显地减少水分蒸发和提高土壤水分的利用率，从而促进果树的生长发育．覆盖措施以地面覆草效果最好，可提高土壤含水量５０％，新梢生长量、单叶面积和叶绿素含量分别比对照高５７％、３０％和５９％，并提高了苹果的品质和产量。因此，覆盖是沙漠边缘地区果园重要的节水措施之一．     

Surface water resources for prehistoric peoples in western Papaguer?́a of the North American south-west

Water for personal use was a limiting factor for the prehistoric and historic indigenous peoples who inhabited the extremely arid North American region of south-western Arizona and north-western Sonora, known as Papaguer?́a. This paper lists and quantifies the perennial and intermittent water resources available to them. In the 16,824 km²study area of the Sonoran Desert, there were 128 waterholes, most of them in the mountains and, when full, these offered at least 3,099,141 l of water. At today's precipitation levels, virtually all points of the region were accessible to inhabitants within a 40 km radius of one or more water sources.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠盐土荒漠形成演变及对沙丘性状的影响

本文着重研究了塔克拉玛干沙漠盐土荒漠的形成演变，表明了盐土荒漠多形成于地下水位较高的区域。在盐土荒漠形成初期，盐分含量低，表聚性不明显；在中期阶段，盐分已有明显的表聚性，但盐壳厚度不大；到了高级阶段，它已形成坚硬的盐壳，盐分含量很高。在盐土荒漠与沙丘形成的复区内沙丘的含盐量较高，同时在盐土荒漠的演变中，坚硬的盐壳减缓了地表侵蚀和沙丘的形成。     

晚更新世以来巴丹吉林南缘地区沙漠演化

巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地区含风成砂地层广泛分布。由于受东亚夏季风降水尾闾摆动的影响，本区沙漠在晚更新世以来的演化中表现出微弱的波动性质。全球冰期气候波动主宰着本区沙漠的演化方向；青藏高原的隆起使该区变得更加干旱。     

Aeolian Facies Belts in the Taklimakan Desert1

At least at the beginning of the last glacial epoch, the facies belts of dune sand, sandy loam and loess formed by winds had existed in the Taklimakan desert and areas south of it. There were no appreciable changes in the NE and NW wind systems and their wind forces that deposited dune sand, sandy loam and loess in the global cold stage since the last glacial epoch; accordingly no marked shifts of the boundaries of these aeolian facies belts took place. In the global warm stage since then, the climate in the Taklimakan desert and areas south of it became warm and dry, resulting in ablation of substantial volumes of ice and snow in their surrounding mountains and thus forming alluvial and diluvial deposits in the region. The alluvial-diluvial actions, however, failed to change the general framework of aeolian facies belts.     

Calcretes in the Thar desert: Genesis,chronology and palaeoenvironment

The calcretes in the Thar desert occur in a variety of settings, including the piedmonts, sheetwash aggraded plains; and this study adds calcretes in regolith and colluvio-alluvial plains to the group of settings in which calcretes occur in the region. Field logs, morphological details and analytical data such as petrographic, cathodoluminescence and geochemical characteristics are described along with a discussion on their implications. Sand dunes and sandy plains dating to < 20 ka have weakly developed calcretes. The better-developed calcrete horizons occur in piedmonts, interdunes or in areas that have sufficient groundwater. Deep sections in the region show phases of calcrete development in aeolian sand aggradation at ∼ 150, ∼ 100, ∼ 60 and 27–14 ka. The extensive sheetwash plains have mature calcretes and date to mid-Pleistocene. Our studies indicate that these calcretes represent a hybrid process, where carbonate enrichment of the originally calcareous host occurred due to periodically raised groundwaters, and its differentiation into nodules occurred under subaerial environment i.e., after recession of groundwater. Deep sections also show a stack of discrete calcretes that developed in individual aggradation episodes with hiatuses as indicated by ESR dating results. Nodules display a multiplicity of carbonate precipi tation events and internal reorganization of calcitic groundmass. The process is accompanied by degradation and transformation of unstable minerals, particularly clays and with a neosynthesis of palygorskite. The ancient calcretes are dated from the beginning of the Quaternary to ∼ 600 ka and show more evolved morphologies marked by brecciation, dissolution, laminar growth on brecciated surfaces, pisolites and several generations of re-cementation. Mica/chlorite schists and such other rocks are particularly vulnerable to replacement by carbonate. In an extreme case, replacement of quartzose sandstone was observed also. The presence of stretches of alluvio-colluvial plains in an area presently devoid of drainage bespeaks of occasional high-energy fluvial regime, under a semi-arid climate. The mid-Pleistocene period saw a shift towards more arid climate and this facilitated sheetwash aggradation. Finally, during the late Pleistocene, aggradation of aeolian sands indicated a progressively drier climate. However, this does not find its reflection in stable isotope data. The amount of carbonate in the form of calcretes is substantial. The present studies indicate that aeolian dust or rainwater are minor contributors to the carbonate budget. A more important source was provided by the pre-existing calcretes in the sheetwash aggraded plains and detrital carbonate in the aeolian sediments. The original source of carbonate in the region, however, remains unresolved and will need further investigations. Electron spin resonance protocols for the dating of calcretes were developed as a part of this study and the results accorded well with geological reasoning     

A 16,000 C yr B.P. packrat midden series from the USA–Mexico Borderlands

A new packrat midden chronology from Playas Valley, southwestern New Mexico, is the first installment of an ongoing effort to reconstruct paleovegetation and paleoclimate in the U.S.A.–Mexico Borderlands. Playas Valley and neighboring basins supported pluvial lakes during full and/or late glacial times. Plant macrofossil and pollen assemblages from nine middens in the Playas Valley allow comparisons of two time intervals: 16,000–10,000 and 4000–0 ¹⁴C yr B.P. Vegetation along pluvial lake margins consisted of open pinyon–juniper communities dominated by Pinus edulis, Juniperus scopulorum, Juniperus cf. coahuilensis, and a rich understory of C₄ annuals and grasses. This summer-flowering understory is also characteristic of modern desert grassland in the Borderlands and indicates at least moderate summer precipitation. P. edulis and J. scopulorum disappeared or were rare in the midden record by 10,670 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The late Holocene is marked by the arrival of Chihuahuan desert scrub elements and few departures as the vegetation gradually became modern in character. Larrea tridentata appears as late as 2190 ¹⁴C yr B.P. based on macrofossils, but may have been present as early as 4095 ¹⁴C yr B.P. based on pollen. Fouquieria splendens, one of the dominant desert species present at the site today, makes its first appearance only in the last millennium. The midden pollen assemblages are difficult to interpret; they lack modern analogs in surface pollen assemblages from stock tanks at different elevations in the Borderlands.