沙漠砂抗剪强度特征及其与静力触探指标间的关系

通过室内系列化的直剪试验和静力触探模拟试验,对沙漠砂的抗剪强度特征取得了规律性的认识,并建立了砂土内摩擦角与锥尖阻力之间的经验关系,为今后在沙漠地基勘察评价中用静力触探方法估计砂土内摩擦角创造了条件。     

On efficiency of sand-controlling system along the Tarim Desert Highway in Taklimakan Desert

1 Sand-Preventing Efficiency of the Upright FenceAlong the Desert highway the upright fence has tblee formst the reed fence of l.7m in height Ztalporosity degree of 34 %, white nylon upright fence, l.lm in height and porosity degree of 64 %; antiulhaviolet nylon upright fence, 0.9m in height and porosity degree of 58 %. Fences of all the three formswere installed along the Desert mghWay. In order to enhance design and consimchon of the sandcontrolling System to make it work better, we took…     

Hydrogeology of desert springs in the Panamint Range,California, USA: Geologic controls on the geochemical kinetics,flowpaths, and mean residence times of springs

Over 180 springs emerge in the Panamint Range near Death Valley National Park, CA, yet, these springs have received very little hydrogeological attention despite their cultural, historical, and ecological importance. Here, we address the following questions: (1) which rock units support groundwater flow to springs in the Panamint Range, (2) what are the geochemical kinetics of these aquifers, and (3) and what are the residence times of these springs? All springs are at least partly supported by recharge in and flow through dolomitic units, namely, the Noonday Dolomite, Kingston Peak Formation, and Johnnie Formation. Thus, the geochemical composition of springs can largely be explained by dedolomitization: the dissolution of dolomite and gypsum with concurrent precipitation of calcite. However, interactions with hydrothermal deposits have likely influenced the geochemical composition of Thorndike Spring, Uppermost Spring, Hanaupah Canyon springs, and Trail Canyon springs. Faults are important controls on spring emergence. Seventeen of twenty-one sampled springs emerge at faults (13 emerge at low-angle detachment faults). On the eastern side of the Panamint Range, springs emerge where low-angle faults intersect nearly vertical Late Proterozoic, Cambrian, and Ordovician sedimentary units. These geologic units are not present on the western side of the Panamint Range. Instead, springs on the west side emerge where low-angle faults intersect Cenozoic breccias and fanglomerates. Mean residence times of springs range from 33 (±30) to 1,829 (±613) years. A total of 11 springs have relatively short mean residence times less than 500 years, whereas seven springs have mean residence times greater than 1,000 years. We infer that the Panamint Range springs are extremely vulnerable to climate change due to their dependence on local recharge, disconnection from regional groundwater flow (Death Valley Regional Flow System - DVRFS), and relatively short mean residence times as compared with springs that are supported by the DVRFS (e.g., springs in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge). In fact, four springs were not flowing during this campaign, yet they were flowing in the 1990s and 2000s.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地气溶胶不同波段散射系数比较

利用2010年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站(下文简称"塔中")多波段(450、525、635 nm)积分浊度计和PM_(10)自动监测仪观测资料,并结合塔中地面气象观测资料,分析了沙漠腹地不同波段气溶胶散射系数的变化特征。分析结果显示:(1)塔中气溶胶对635 nm太阳辐射的散射作用最大,其次是525 nm,最小为450 nm。三波段(450、525、635 nm)散射系数平均值分别为:288.0、318.4、443.8 Mm~(-1)。(2)三波段散射系数日变化与PM_(10)质量浓度一致,都呈单峰变化:夜间高、白天低。在日变化中,散射系数始终保持635 nm最大,525 nm次之,450 nm最小。(3)三波段散射系数年变化基本一致,都与PM_(10)变化接近。1—5月中,除3月散射系数是450 nm最大外,另外4个月均是635 nm最大,450 nm次之,525 nm最小。6—12月散射系数都是635 nm最大,525 nm次之,450 nm最小。(4)三波段散射系数均是沙尘暴下最大,扬沙次之,浮尘最小。不同沙尘天气下,塔中气溶胶对635 nm散射作用都是最明显的,对450 nm和525nm散射作用不同:沙尘暴时,对525 nm的散射强于450 nm,在扬沙和浮尘时,对450 nm的散射强于525 nm,尤其在浮尘时。(5)三波段散射系数与PM_(10)质量浓度都呈显著正相关,PM_(10)质量浓度与525 nm散射系数相关程度最大,450 nm次之,635 nm最小。但是季节内相关程度略有差异:春、冬季PM_(10)浓度与450 nm散射系数相关程度最大,525 nm次之,635 nm最小。夏、秋季则是525nm最大。     

新疆沙漠地区地表宽波段比辐射率遥感估算

地表比辐射率是估算地表温度以及地表长波辐射的一个重要参数,为了解决遥感影像反演地表比辐射率在裸地的精度不足问题,本文在新疆沙漠地区利用2类数据：① 傅里叶变换热红外光谱仪（FTIR）数据,在2013年、2014年秋天沿2条穿越塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙漠公路测量得到25个点的地表比辐射率数据;② 与FTIR数据同时期的MODIS温度/比辐射率数据MOD11A1、MOD11B1和反射率数据MOD09GA以及反照率数据MCD3A3,利用这2类数据为数据源,估算新疆沙漠地表比辐射率。首先,重新估算了基于MODIS宽波段比辐射率（BroadBand Emissivity, BBE）方程的系数和基于GLASS（Global L And Surface Satellite）BBE方程的系数,由此获得了GLASS BBE和MODIS BBE的修正方程。其次,将修正前后的GLASS BBE与FTIR和MODIS BBE作对比,发现其精度显著提高：① 与FTIR数据对比,修正前后的GLASS BBE方程的决定系数R²值从0.42增加到0.95,均方根误差（RMSE）和偏差（Bias）分别减少了1和3个数量级;② 与MODIS BBE方程数据对比,修正前后的GLASS BBE的R²值从0.69增加到0.91,RMSE和Bias分别减少了1和2个数量级。因此,修正后的基于GLASS和MODIS的BBE方程,极大地提高了遥感影像对裸地尤其是沙漠地区地表比辐射率的反演精度。使用修正后的GLASS BBE方程反演出新疆3个沙漠地区的BBE分布特征。结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠由于土地类型较为单一,其BBE值主要为0.88~0.92,而古尔班通古特沙漠以及库姆塔格沙漠受到地形、植被等的影响,BBE值稍微偏高,分别为0.89~0.95和0.89~0.94,沙漠周边稀疏植被区及其边缘地区的值范围为0.95~1.00。本文基于GLASS和MODIS的适用于新疆沙漠的BBE方程,为陆面过程的研究与模拟提供了支持。     

The paleoclimate of the eastern desert of Jordan during marine isotope stage 9

Two Cardium horizons from the topmost Azraq Formation in the eastern desert of Jordan were investigated and dated by U/Th at 330 ka; MIS 9. Fossil diversity and abundance, especially for Charophytes and gastropods with the absence of palygorskite, dolomite and evaporites, suggest the presence of a fresh water lake changing to a brackish environment at certain time intervals. A lake or possibly several smaller and shallower lakes occupied an area of about 50 km wide within the Azraq Basin. The present-day arid climate cannot support the presence of lakes in the eastern desert of Jordan, and thus MIS 9 in Jordan must have been much wetter. The source of humidity was most probably more intense Mediterranean cyclones associated with warmer than present MIS 9. However, the possibility of summer monsoon rain from the south cannot be fully excluded.     

巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖近地层湍流能谱特征分析

利用2013年6月巴丹吉林沙漠拐子湖地区流沙下垫面的陆气通量观测资料,计算并分析了该研究区不同大气稳定层结条件下的湍流速度各分量谱和温度谱及湍流的局地各向同性特征。结果表明:该研究区风速各分量的湍流强度随平均风速的增加而逐渐减小,当平均风速2 m/s时,风速各分量的湍流强度逐渐稳定且基本限定在0.5以内。在不同大气稳定度下,湍流速度和温度能谱曲线在惯性副区内逐渐有合并趋势且遵循Kolmogorov提出的-2/3定律,速度各分量谱在高频段均满足各向同性且符合低频限制理论。随着稳定度的增加,风速分量的能谱曲线逐渐降低且向高频端移动,风速分量和温度能谱对应的谱峰长度则逐渐减小。该研究区水平湍流尺度范围为9.0~600 m,垂直湍流谱峰波长为10.79~75 m。该结果介于草地和森林下垫面之间,与塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的试验结果较为接近。     

The structural and sedimentological setting of the Quaternary deposits in Al-Ain area, UAE

Quaternary sediments represent the main constituent which covers an ENE–WSW elongated depression some 25 km long and 10 km wide (Al-Ain area). This depression is encountered between two north and south low fault scarps and is located perpendicular to the Al Jaww plain and Jabel Hafit axes.Four main types of Quaternary surface deposits were identified belonging to: flood plain and braided channels; desert plain; aeolian sand; and sabkha. The first type shows many pedogenic and non-pedogenic features of which are dolocrete, calcrete and gypcrete.An ENE–WSW closely-spaced dip-slip, stepping pattern fault set could be traced in dolocretized-calcretized braided channel deposits, on the south margin of this depression, where the relationship between fault geometry, displacement and geomorphology suggest a model of either graben or half-graben. The role of this system in developing the landscape of Al-Ain is well documented near the surface but a comprehensive study to assess its role in the sub-surface is needed.     

中国戈壁综合自然区划研究

中国戈壁广泛分布于北方的干旱与极干旱区域,直至目前尚未系统地开展戈壁分区研究。本文在综合分析戈壁特征与形成发生机制关系后认为,我国戈壁的最主要特征是地表砾质覆盖;表层具孔状漆漠结皮,其下具棕红色紧实层及石膏层;植物覆盖度极低,生长旱生极旱生灌木—半灌木。戈壁形成发生的区域仅限于干燥度4以上的干旱、极干旱区域。根据戈壁特征及发生条件的区域分异,选取干温指标、区域地质地貌建造指标、地表物质成因形态指标,将中国戈壁分布区划分为温性干旱极干旱戈壁区、暖性干旱极干旱戈壁区和青藏高原北部亚寒干旱极干旱戈壁区3个一级区(区),其下按区域地质地貌建造特征划分出9个二级区(地区),再按戈壁地表物质成因与形态差异划分出19个三级区(亚地区)。还可根据土壤和植被的地域分异进一步划分出若干个四级区(小区)。