向上延拓对斜导数方法处理航磁异常的影响

分析了中国南部某地利用斜导数方法处理航磁数据时遇到的问题,由于受到浅源磁干扰场的影响,用斜导数方法处理后的航磁数据异常形态复杂,从而影响地质解释效果。为此提出了向上延拓与斜导数方法联合使用的改进办法,通过实例阐述了应用斜导数方法处理航磁数据应注意的问题。改进后的方法,能充分体现航磁资料在地质解释方面的优势。     

MT数据处理中静校正方法对比

在大地电磁测深数据处理中,静态效应会影响解释结果.这里主要采用有限单元法进行正演计算,采用阻抗相位校正法、空间滤波法以及视电阻率导数解释法,对存在静态效应的理论模型进行数据处理.对比结果表明,前二种方法对静态效应起到了一定的压制和改善作用,且阻抗相位校正法效果相对较好,而通过视电阻率导数解释法,可以准确地反映地下真实异常形态.     

Non-Fickian mass transport in fractured porous media

The paper provides an introduction to fundamental concepts of mathematical modeling of mass transport in fractured porous heterogeneous rocks. Keeping aside many important factors that can affect mass transport in subsurface, our main concern is the multi-scale character of the rock formation, which is constituted by porous domains dissected by the network of fractures. Taking into account the well-documented fact that porous rocks can be considered as a fractal medium and assuming that sizes of pores vary significantly (i.e. have different characteristic scales), the fractional-order differential equations that model the anomalous diffusive mass transport in such type of domains are derived and justified analytically. Analytical solutions of some particular problems of anomalous diffusion in the fractal media of various geometries are obtained. Extending this approach to more complex situation when diffusion is accompanied by advection, solute transport in a fractured porous medium is modeled by the advection-dispersion equation with fractional time derivative. In the case of confined fractured porous aquifer, accounting for anomalous non-Fickian diffusion in the surrounding rock mass, the adopted approach leads to introduction of an additional fractional time derivative in the equation for solute transport. The closed-form solutions for concentrations in the aquifer and surrounding rocks are obtained for the arbitrary time-dependent source of contamination located in the inlet of the aquifer. Based on these solutions, different regimes of contamination of the aquifers with different physical properties can be readily modeled and analyzed.     

位场各阶垂向导数的ISVD算法及其应用

位场垂向导数广泛应用于位场数据处理与解释当中,目前求取位场各阶垂向导数方法大致可以分为两类：①在频率域进行;②在空间域进行。针对这两类方法存在着稳定性较差的问题,这里介绍了计算位场各阶垂向导数的ISVD算法,并通过对单一地质体模型和地质体组合模型产生的布格重力异常进行处理分析,证明了ISVD算法在计算位场各阶垂向导数时,特别是在计算位场高阶垂向导数时,比在频率域及空间域计算结果具有较好的稳定性,ISVD算法能够有效地识别出浅层小尺度地质体边界。为了验证该方法对实际资料的处理效果,对某区块实际布格重力异常数据应用ISVD算法试算各阶垂向导数,结合地质背景等资料划分出断裂体系。结果证明,应用ISVD算法计算的位场各阶垂向导数,对于确定浅层小尺度地质体边界有较好的效果。     

A finite element solution for the fractional advection–dispersion equation

The fractional advection–dispersion equation (FADE) known as its non-local dispersion, has been proven to be a promising tool to simulate anomalous solute transport in groundwater. We present an unconditionally stable finite element (FEM) approach to solve the one-dimensional FADE based on the Caputo definition of the fractional derivative with considering its singularity at the boundaries. The stability and accuracy of the FEM solution is verified against the analytical solution, and the sensitivity of the FEM solution to the fractional order α and the skewness parameter β is analyzed. We find that the proposed numerical approach converge to the numerical solution of the advection–dispersion equation (ADE) as the fractional order α equals 2. The problem caused by using the first- or third-kind boundary with an integral-order derivative at the inlet is remedied by using the third-kind boundary with a fractional-order derivative there. The problems for concentration estimation at boundaries caused by the singularity of the fractional derivative can be solved by using the concept of transition probability conservation. The FEM solution of this study has smaller numerical dispersion than that of the FD solution by Meerschaert and Tadjeran (J Comput Appl Math 2004). For a given α, the spatial distribution of concentration exhibits a symmetric non-Fickian behavior when β = 0. The spatial distribution of concentration shows a Fickian behavior on the left-hand side of the spatial domain and a notable non-Fickian behavior on the right-hand side of the spatial domain when β = 1, whereas when β = −1 the spatial distribution of concentration is the opposite of that of β = 1. Finally, the numerical approach is applied to simulate the atrazine transport in a saturated soil column and the results indicat that the FEM solution of the FADE could better simulate the atrazine transport process than that of the ADE, especially at the tail of the breakthrough curves.     

含芘氨基酸衍生物对水中Cd2+、Pb2+的高选择性识别研究

本文报道了一种新型含芘氨基酸衍生物-L-[4-（1-芘基）]丁酰基苯丙氨酸（缩写为PLT）,通过对PLT与离子结合前后其二聚体/单体荧光发射峰强度比的检测表明该衍生物对水中的重金属离子Cd^2＋和Pb^2＋表现出了极强的识别性能,而对水中所存在的其它离子则具有完全不同的响应特性.     

一种分析软土黏弹性的分数导数开尔文模型

软土是一种黏、弹、塑性材料,采用分数微积分模型来研究软土的蠕变规律目前尚未见到。选取了珠江三角洲南沙地区典型软土作为研究对象,在对其进行大量相关试验的基础上,采用含分数阶导数的开尔文模型来模拟该地区软土的蠕变规律,讨论了含分数阶导数的开尔文模型的蠕变柔量和松驰模量及其应用。与传统的开尔文模型相比较,分数阶导数的开尔文模型可以更好地拟合蠕变曲线,而且其形式简单、统一,在计算过程中需要调整的参数很少。可以预见,含分数阶导数的开尔文体在软土的流变本构研究领域及其计算中将有着广泛的应用前景。     

Variogram Model Selection via Nonparametric Derivative Estimation

Before optimal linear prediction can be performed on spatial data sets, the variogram is usually estimated at various lags and a parametric model is fitted to those estimates. Apart from possible a priori knowledge about the process and the user's subjectivity, there is no standard methodology for choosing among valid variogram models like the spherical or the exponential ones. This paper discusses the nonparametric estimation of the variogram and its derivative, based on the spectral representation of positive definite functions. The use of the estimated derivative to help choose among valid parametric variogram models is presented. Once a model is selected, its parameters can be estimated—for example, by generalized least squares. A small simulation study is performed that demonstrates the usefulness of estimating the derivative to help model selection and illustrates the issue of aliasing. MATLAB software for nonparametric variogram derivative estimation is available at http://www-math.mit.edu/~gorsich/derivative.html. An application to the Walker Lake data set is also presented.     

Geomorphology-oriented digital terrain analysis: Progress and perspectives

Digital terrain analysis(DTA) is one of the most important contents in the research of geographical information science(GIS). However, on the basis of the digital elevation model(DEM), many problems exist in the current research of DTA in geomorphological studies. For instance, the current DTA research appears to be focused more on morphology, phenomenon, and modern surface rather than mechanism, process, and underlying terrain. The current DTA research needs to be urgently transformed from the study of landform morphology to one focusing on landform process and mechanism. On this basis, this study summarizes the current research status of geomorphology-oriented DTA and systematically reviews and analyzes the research about the knowledge of geomorphological ontology, terrain modeling, terrain derivative calculation, and terrain analytical methods. With the help of DEM data, DTA research has the advantage of carrying out geomorphological studies from the perspective of surface morphology. However, the study of DTA has inherent defects in terms of data expression and analytic patterns. Thus, breakthroughs in basic theories and key technologies are necessary. Moreover, scholars need to realize that DTA research must be transformed from phenomenon to mechanism, from morphology to process, and from terrain to landform. At present, the research development of earth science has reached the critical stage in which the DTA research should focus more on geomorphological ontology. Consequently, this study proposes several prospects of geomorphology-oriented DTA from the aspects of value-added DEM data model, terrain derivatives and their spatial relations, and macro-terrain analysis. The study of DTA based on DEM is at a critical period along with the issue on whether the current GIS technology can truly support the development of geography. The research idea of geomorphology-oriented DTA is expected to be an important exploration and practice in the field of GIS.     

PLS-ANN分析血浆自体荧光光谱的二阶导数光谱识别胃癌

探讨偏最小二乘法结合神经网络法(简称PLS-ANN)分析血浆自体荧光光谱的二阶导数光谱识别胃癌的优势,对20例胃癌病人和23例健康人血浆进行以405nm为激发光的自体荧光光谱检测,采用PLS-ANN法分别对血浆自体荧光光谱和二阶导数光谱进行判别分析。PLS-ANN分析血浆的自体荧光光谱法诊断胃癌的灵敏度为75%,特异度为83%,准确率为79%,PLS-ANN分析血浆的二阶导数光谱法诊断胃癌的灵敏度为90%,特异度为96%,准确率为93%。结果表明PLS-ANN分析血浆的二阶导数光谱法识别胃癌,优于PLS-ANN分析血浆的自体荧光光谱法,有望成为快速识别胃癌的较理想方法。