Study on the Bubble Growth and Departure with A Lattice Boltzmann Method

For the growth and departure of bubbles from an orifice, a free energy lattice Boltzmann model is adopted to deal with this complex multiphase flow phenomenon. A virtual layer is set at the boundary of the flow domain to deal with the no-slip boundary condition. Effects of the viscosity, surface tension, gas inertial force and buoyancy on the characteristics of bubbles when they grow and departure from an orifice in quiescent liquid are studied. The releasing period and departure diameter of the bubble are influenced by the residual gas at the orifice, and the interaction between bubbles is taken into consideration. The relations between the releasing period or departure diameter and the gravity acceleration show fair agreements with previous numerical and theoretical results. And the influence of the gas outflow velocity on bubble formation is discussed as well. For the bubbles growing in cross-flow field, effects of the cross-flow speed and the gas outflow velocity on the bubble formation are discussed, which is related to the application in ship resistance reduction. And optimal choice of the ship speed and gas outflow velocity is studied. Cases in this paper also prove that this high density ratio LBM model has its flexibility and effectiveness on multiphase flow simulations.     

美国荒野风景河流的空间分布特征及其对中国的启示

美国荒野风景河流体系是全球最早建立的河流保护地类型。经过50年发展,其完善的体系呈现出一定空间分布特征。将线状国家荒野风景河流（NWSR）抽象为点状单元,对208个NWSR单元进行空间计算,并与自然生态和社会经济等因素进行叠加分析。结果表明,美国已有40个州分布NWSR,其中以俄勒冈等3个州的数量分布最多,且集中分布于特定的区域：西部的太平洋海岸、落基山脉和山间高地3个自然地理区;极地、温湿润、干旱3个Ⅰ级生态区;太平洋西北部、加利福尼亚、阿拉斯加及五大湖4个流域。NWSR线密度与州域的人口密度、经济水平相关性不强,但与大坝建设密切相关。荒野思想影响了法案制定,法案指导了遴选标准,遴选标准又进一步影响了NWSR的空间分布。研究对中国的借鉴意义在于：应当明确保护地指导思想、关注价值突出区域、确定合适遴选标准、重视保护地系统规划等。     

Effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin （Crustacea, Cladocera）

The effects of algal concentration and initial density on the population growth of the estuarine cladocera,Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin,were evaluated in an indoor experiment.A 2 × 4 layout that included two algal concentrations(Chlorella pyrenoidosa,1 × 106 and 3 × 106 cell/mL) and four inoculation densities(100,200,300 and 400 ind./L) were established.Diaphanosoma celebensis were reared in 150 mL flasks containing 50 mL of algal medium at 22°C,under salinity of 10 and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D.T...     

基于CA的城市人口密度分布动态模拟——以长沙市人口密度变化为例

利用元胞自动机(CA)进行模拟可以帮助认识城市人口密度分布的演变过程,并为相关的调控提供决策依据.以长沙市为例,由元胞自动机层构建了精确到街道的长沙市人口密度分布仿真模型,对2000～2005年人口密度分布进行重建,与实际情况对比,整体预测精确度达76%以上;并对2010年,2015年人口密度分布进行了预测,结果表明,长沙市仍处于城市发展的初期阶段,市区人口密度分布受交通通达度、距市中心距离、公共设施便利性、环境、政府主导等多因子影响,总体呈现典型的Clark分布.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in the ecological characteristics of the free-living nematode assemblages in a large microtidal estuary

This study has determined the ways in which the density, number of species, species composition and trophic structure of free-living nematode assemblages in the subtidal waters of a large southern hemisphere microtidal estuary change spatially and seasonally, and has explored whether those four biotic characteristics are related to certain environmental factors. Based on data derived from samples collected seasonally at 12 sites throughout the estuary, the densities and number of species of nematodes decreased progressively with distance from estuary mouth, to reach a minimum at sites where salinities were most variable, and then increased slightly in the uppermost part of the estuary where salinities were least. Densities were also generally greatest in spring, due largely to increases in the abundance of epistrate-grazing species at this time and thus when the amount of primary food (microphytobenthos) peaked. The spatial distribution of the composition of the nematode assemblages was closely correlated with salinity and, to a lesser extent, grain-size composition and amount of particulate organic material (%POM) in the sediment. Although species composition changed sequentially along the estuary, the change was particularly pronounced between sites above and below the area where salinities started to decline markedly and become more variable and %POM increased markedly. This reflected, in particular, far greater abundances of Spirinia parasitifera at the six downstream sites and of Theristus sp. 1 at the six sites further upstream. Species composition underwent pronounced seasonal cyclical changes at all sites, presumably reflecting interspecific differences in the timing of peak reproduction and thus of recruitment. The trophic structure of the nematode assemblages changed both spatially and temporally in relation to the relative abundance of different food sources. Thus, for example, non-selective deposit feeders, such as Theristus sp. 1, dominated samples in the upper estuary, where %POM was by far the greatest, and was rare or absent at downstream sites. Conversely, epistrate grazers, such as species of the Chromadoridae, were most abundant at downstream sites in spring, when the density of the microphytobenthos reached its maximum.     

On the Exceedance Probabilities of Extreme Drift Motions of An Offshore Structure

The response statistics of a compliant offshore structure excited by slowly varying wave drift forces is calculated by use of a numerical path integral solution method,rlhe path integral solution is based on the Gauss-Legendre interpolation scheme,and the values of the response probability density are obtained at the Gauss quadrature points in sub-intervals.It is demonstrated that a distinct advantage of the path integral solution is that the joint probabihty density of the response displacement and velocity is one of the by products of the calculations.This makes it possible to calculate the mean level up-crossing rates,which provides estimates of the exceedance probabilities of specified response levels for given time periods.     

Investigating the effect of ballasting by CaCO3 in Emiliania huxleyi: I. Formation, settling velocities and physical properties of aggregates

To investigate the role of ballasting by biogenic minerals in the export of organic matter in the ocean, a laboratory experiment was conducted comparing aggregate formation and settling velocity of non-calcifying and calcifying strains of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Experiments were conducted by making aggregates using a roller table and following aggregate properties during incubation for a period of 40 days. Size, shape, and settling velocities of aggregates were described by image analysis of video pictures recorded during the roller tank incubation. Our results show that biogenic calcite has a strong effect on the formation rate and abundance of aggregates and on aggregate properties such as size, excess density, porosity, and settling velocity. Aggregates of calcifying cells (AGG_CAL) formed faster, were smaller and had higher settling velocities, excess densities, and mass than those of non-calcifying cells (AGG_NCAL). AGG_CAL showed no loss during the duration of the experiment, whereas AGG_NCAL decreased in size after 1 month of incubation. Potential mechanisms that can explain the different patterns in aggregate formation are discussed. Comparison of settling velocities of AGG_CAL and AGG_NCAL with aggregates formed by diatoms furthermore indicated that the ballast effect of calcite is greater than that of opal. Together these results help to better understand why calcite is of major importance for organic matter fluxes to the deep ocean.     

厦门东海域和安海湾小型底栖动物的密度和生物量

2007年6月对厦门东海域5个站位和晋江安海湾4个站位进行了小型底栖动物调查,分析了小型底栖动物的类群组成、密度和生物量．结果表明,从这两个海域样品中共鉴定出12个小型底栖动物类群,厦门东海域和安海湾自由生活海洋线虫分别占总数量的84．56％和98．19％．生物量组成和密度组成不同,厦门东海域多毛类（37．80％）、海洋线虫（33．32％）和底栖桡足类（18．64％）共同组成了小型底栖动物的生物量优势类群;安海湾生物量优势类群是由海洋线虫（67．64％）和多毛类（30．46％）组成．厦门东海域小型底栖动物的平均密度为72．67±10．21ind／cm^2,平均生物量为23．01±10．41μg/cm^2;安海湾的平均密度为31．48±45．58ind／cm^2,平均生物量为18．28±25．69μg/cm^2．     

浅水环境下波浪能能流密度计算方法研究

本文列举了3种波浪能能流密度计算方法,通过实测资料和数值模拟的实验,分析了3种方法在浅水环境中的适用性。分析得知,定义方法对浅水环境中的海浪特征考虑最为周全,计算结果最准确,但强烈依赖海浪谱的存在,适用面较窄;经验方法仅依赖常规海浪参数,对各种基础资料几乎都适用,但对波能能流密度的估计往往偏低,且不能明显反应出地形抬升对波能能流密度的汇聚效应;修正方法考虑了浅水的影响,通过适当的选取参数,可以给出较准确的结果,但对于大的波能能流密度值存在过高估计的问题。3种计算方法各有优劣,可以根据实际需要适当选择。