Ordovician volcano-sedimentary successions of the Bavarian facies association in the Saxothuringian basin record the continental rift phase of the separation of the Saxothuringian Terrane from Gondwana. An 80 m succession from the Vogtendorf beds and Randschiefer Series (Arenig-Middle Ordovician), exposed along the northern margin of the Münchberg Gneiss Massif in northeast Bavaria, were subjected to a study of their sedimentology, physical volcanology and geochemistry. The Randschiefer series previously has been interpreted as lavas, tuffs, sandstones and turbidites, but the studied Ordovician units include four main lithological associations: mature sandstones and slates, pillowed alkali-basalts and derivative mass flow deposits, trachyandesitic lavas and submarine pyroclastic flow deposits interbedded with turbidites. Eight lithofacies have been distinguished based on relict sedimentary structures and textures, which indicate deposition on a continental shelf below wave base. The explosive phase that generated the pyroclastic succession was associated with the intrusion of dykes and sills, and was succeeded by the eruption of pillowed basalts. Debris flow deposits overlie the basalts. Ordovician volcanism in this region, therefore, alternated between effusive and explosive phases of submarine intermediate to mafic volcanism.
Based on geochemical data, the volcanic and pyroclastic rocks are classified as basalts and trachyandesites. According to their geochemical characteristics, especially to their variable concentrations of incompatible elements such as the High Field Strength Elements (HFSE), they can be divided into three groups. Group I, which is formed by massive lavas at the base of the succession, has extraordinarily high contents of HFSE. The magmas of this group were probably derived from a mantle source in the garnet stability field by low (ca. 1%) degrees of partial melting and subsequent fractionation. Group II, which comprises the pillow lavas at the top of the sequence, displays moderate enrichment of HFSE. This can be explained by a slightly higher degree of melting (ca. 1.6%) for the primary magma. Group I and II melts fractionated from their parental magmas in different magma chambers. The eruption centres of Groups I and II, therefore, cannot be the same, and the volcanic rocks must have originated from different vents. The sills and pyroclastic flow deposits of Group III stem at least partly from the same source as Group I. Rocks of Group I most likely mixed together with Group II components during the formation of the Group III flows, which became hybridised during eruption, transportation and emplacement.
The sedimentological and geochemical data best support a rift as the tectonic setting of this volcanism, analogous to modern continental rift zones. Hence, the rift-associated volcanic activity preserved in the Vogtendorf beds and Randschiefer Series represents an early Ordovician stage of rift volcanism when the separation of the Saxothuringian Terrane from Gondwana had just commenced. 相似文献
A previous method proposed to measure the fractal dimension of pore spaces is adapted and modified for 2-D fracture networks. The method relies on scanning a 2-D fracture network through successive straight lines from top to bottom and measuring the distance between two fractures. The fractal dimension is then obtained using the log–log plot of the feature size and the number of features for this particular size at different magnifications. It is shown in this study that the method proposed to measure the fractal dimension of porous structures can be applicable to 2-D fracture networks with some modifications after testing it on synthetic and natural fracture patterns. The method is simplified to be useful for practical applications in the fractal analysis of fracture networks. The results reveal that, on the basis of the direction of scanning lines, different fractal behavior and dimensions can be obtained indicating that 2-D fracture networks possess multifractal character. This approach takes into account the effect of fracture orientation on the fractal behavior and anisotropic nature of fracture networks as well as the fracture density, length, and spatial distribution. 相似文献
The mean concentration distributionwithin a plume released from a point source in the atmosphericboundary layer can be greatly influenced by the systematic turningof wind with height (i.e. vertical wind direction shear). Such aninfluence includes a deflection of the plume centroid, with anassociated shearing of the vertical plume cross-section, and anenhancement of dispersion, in the horizontal plane. Wind directionshear is normally not accounted for in coastal fumigation models,although dispersion observations with shear acting as acontrolling parameter are not uncommon. A three-dimensionalLagrangian stochastic model is used to investigate the influenceof uniform wind direction shear on the diffusion of a point-sourceplume within the horizontally homogeneous convective boundarylayer, with the source located at the top of the boundary layer.Parameterisations are developed for the plume deflection andenhanced dispersion due to shear within the framework of aprobability density function (PDF) approach, and compared with theLagrangian model results. These parameterisations are thenincorporated into two applied coastal fumigation models: a PDFmodel, and a commonly used model that assumes uniform andinstantaneous mixing in the vertical direction. The PDF modelrepresents the vertical mixing process more realistically. A moreefficient version of the PDF model, which assumes a well-mixedconcentration distribution in the vertical at large times, isapplied to simulate sulfur dioxide data from the Kwinana CoastalFumigation Study. A comparison between the model results and thedata show that the model performs much better when the wind-sheareffects are included. 相似文献
In order to account for the site-response part of the seismic ground motion coherency for sites of interest, an analytical stochastic methodology is proposed in this paper. By combining the pseudo-excitation method with wave motion finite element simulation techniques, a numerical approach for the computation of the coherency function between observation points is developed firstly. Then the orthogonal expansion method is introduced into this approach to study the effect of the uncertainty in soil properties on the coherency function. Finally some numerical examples are given to show the applicability of the methodology. The computational results demonstrate that the lagged coherency values tend to decrease in the vicinity of the resonant frequencies of the site. 相似文献
The procrystal calculation of the electron density is a very rapid procedure that offers a quick way to analyze various bonding
properties of a crystal. This study explores the extent to which the positions, number, and properties of bond-critical points
determined from the procrystal representations of the electron density for minerals are similar to those of first-principles
ab initio model distributions. The purpose of the study is to determine the limits imposed upon interpretation of the procrystal
electron density. Procrystal calculations of the electron density for more than 300 MO bonds in crystals were compared with those previously calculated using CRYSTAL98 and TOPOND software. For every bond-critical
point found in the ab initio calculations, an equivalent one was also found in the procrystal model, with similar magnitudes
of electron density, and at similar positions along the bonds. The curvatures of the electron densities obtained from the
ab initio and the procrystal distributions are highly correlated. It is concluded that the procrystal distributions are capable
of providing good estimates of the bonded radii of the atoms and the properties of the electron-density distributions at the
bond-critical points. Because the procrystal model is so fast to compute, it is especially useful in addressing the question
as to whether a pair of atoms is bonded or not. If the Bader criteria for bonding are accepted, then the successful generation
of the bond-critical points by the procrystal model demonstrates that bonding is an atomic feature. The main difference between
the critical-point properties of the procrystal and the ab initio model is that the curvature in the electron density perpendicular
to the bond path of the ab initio model is sharper than for the procrystal model. This is interpreted as indicating that the
electrons that migrate into a bond originate from its sides, and not from the regions closer to the nuclei. This observation
also suggests that ab initio optimization routines could see an improvement in speed if the parameters relating to the angular
components of atomic wave functions were to vary before the radial components.
Received: 6 August 2001 / Accepted: 21 November 2001 相似文献