Late Quaternary depositional history of the Reuss delta,Switzerland: constraints from high‐resolution seismic reflection and georadar surveys

Glacial erosion has caused overdeepening of many alpine valleys. After retreat of the ice, they were filled with heterogeneous deposits of glacial, lacustrine and fluvial sediments. A typical example of such a valley segment and its infill is the Reuss delta on the southern shore of Lake Lucerne in Switzerland. To obtain a detailed three‐dimensional image of this valley segment, the ETH Institute of Geophysics has acquired several two‐dimensional, high‐resolution seismic and georadar profiles, and conducted a three‐dimensional georadar survey. Interpretations of these geophysical data were constrained by a geological core extracted from a borehole 300 m deep near the investigation site. The seismic profiles imaged ca. 600 m of sediment infill above bedrock. Based on their reflection characteristics, five different deposition units were distinguished. These units were interpreted as a succession of clay/silt at the base, followed by different sand units with variable but generally increasing amounts of gravel. This succession represented a prograding delta that filled the southern part of Lake Lucerne. The latest fluvial development of the region is best represented by the georadar data. In particular, the three‐dimensional georadar data set provides a detailed view of an ancient braided river channel Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

羌北坳陷雪山组地层形成环境及古地理意义

以羌北坳陷龙尾错地区雪山组地层为例,通过对沉积物来源、古生态、碳氧同位素、粒度特征及其沉积序列、古水流向的研究,揭示了上侏罗统—下白垩统雪山组地层沉积时期的沉积环境及古地理格局,认为该区雪山组地层是在中央隆起带露出水面并向羌北地区提供物源的古构造—地理条件下形成的三角洲沉积体系,具辫状河成因的显著特点。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部山西组海相沉积环境分析

以地球化学指标为主,结合地层古生物和原生沉积构造等各方面的证据,进一步分析了鄂尔多斯盆地东部山西组的沉积环境。泥岩样品的地球化学特征表明,由于受潮汐和海侵作用的影响,整个山西期盆地东部的沉积水体以混合水为主,其中硼元素反映了基准面长期旋回的变化特征,而Sr/Ba则是超长期的变化指标;从沉积构造和海相化石分布特征可知,在山西早期中等强度的潮汐作用直接影响了研究区的东南部,对三角洲沉积进行改造,到了山西中晚期三角洲进积作用增强,潮汐作用范围逐渐退至研究区东南缘;此外,地层的分布特点和沉积相也说明在整个山西期盆地东部地层和晋西地层联片沉积且属于同一三角洲沉积体系,东部的水下隆起还不足以阻隔水体形成湖盆,所以鄂尔多斯盆地东部山西组是发育在浅海陆棚基础上的三角洲沉积。     

Interplay between tectonics and compaction in a rift‐margin,lacustrine delta system: Miocene of the Eger Graben,Czech Republic

The Early Miocene Bílina Palaeodelta consists of fluvio‐deltaic and lacustrine clastics deposited along the south‐eastern margin of the extensional Most Basin, part of the Eger Graben in north Bohemia (Czech Republic). The Bílina succession shows evidence of repeated advances of an axial deltaic system across a thick accumulation of organic material and clay in the hangingwall of an active fault. Exposures up to ca 4·5 km long in the Bílina open‐cast mine help bridge the gap between seismic scale and typical outcrop scale of observation and thus allow the relationships between small‐scale and basin‐scale stratal geometries to be evaluated. The Bílina Palaeodelta deposits include sand‐dominated, fluvial channel fills and heterolithic sheets interpreted as delta plain strata, sand‐dominated mouth‐bar wedges and heterolithic sheets of prodeltaic deposits, passing distally into lacustrine clays. The depositional environment is interpreted as a fluvial‐dominated, mixed‐load, lacustrine delta with a high degree of grain‐size segregation at the feeder‐channel mouths. On the largest temporal and spatial scales, variable tectonic subsidence controlled the overall advance and retreat of the delta system. The medium‐term transgressive‐regressive history was probably driven by episodes of increased subsidence rate. However, at this temporal scale, the architecture of the deltaic sequences (deltaic lobes and correlative lacustrine deposits) was strongly affected by: (i) compaction of underlying peat and clay which drove lateral offset stacking of medium‐term sequences; and (ii) growth of a fault‐propagation fold close to the active Bílina Fault. At the smallest scale, the geometries of individual mouth bars and groups of mouth bars (short‐term sequences) reflect the interaction among sediment loading, compaction and growth faulting that produced high‐frequency relative lake‐level fluctuations and created local accommodation at the delta front.     

长江河口水下三角洲137Cs地球化学分布特征

文章通过对长江口水下三角洲采集的10个柱状样放射性核素¹³⁷Cs的分析可以得知,长江口水下三角洲¹³⁷Cs剖面中均存在清晰的最大蓄积峰,其峰值比活度介于5.68±1.03～21.74±1.39Bq/kg之间,平均值为14.11±1.10Bq/kg,最大蓄积峰所处的深度为55～117cm。剖面中¹³⁷Cs最大蓄积峰应该与1963年的¹³⁷Cs散落沉降相对应。长江口水下三角洲的表层沉积物中的¹³⁷Cs比活度范围介于0～9.19±1.12Bq/kg之间,并且与长江流域其他地区的表层¹³⁷Cs比活度相一致。长江口水下三角洲可探测到的¹³⁷Cs比活度的最大深度范围在88～160cm的范围内变化,¹³⁷Cs蓄积总量为2361.30±174.38～17714.94±262.14Bq/m²,平均值为9664.97±100.05Bq/m²,¹³⁷Cs比活度的最大深度及¹³⁷Cs蓄积总量均表现出从岸向海逐渐增加的趋势。实测的¹³⁷Cs总量均大于长江流域的¹³⁷Cs背景值,说明了长江口水下三角洲的¹³⁷Cs蓄积既有大气散落直接沉降的来源,又有流域侵蚀带来的¹³⁷Cs输入,并且主要以后者为主。通过放射性核素示踪模型分析长江口水下三角洲¹³⁷Cs散落蓄积特征可以得知,长江口水下三角洲¹³⁷Cs的蓄积以长江流域来源为主,说明了放射性核素¹³⁷Cs在长江口水下三角洲沉积物中的蓄积主要受流域侵蚀因素的影响。     

波浪载荷导致黄河口潮坪沉积物垂向运移现场观测研究

2005年8月7~8日,现代黄河三角洲刁口地区经历了一次由台风麦莎引起的风暴潮过程。通过对比分析风暴潮前后受保护潮坪滩面沉积物的粒度特征变化情况,发现了风暴潮期间在强烈的波浪载荷导致的渗流作用下,粉质土海床出现了极细粉粒由下向上运移并输出滩面的现象。结合现场试验期间采集到的孔隙水压力监测数据,本文基于海床动力响应的观点分析了其成因机制。     

利用鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾油田沉积微相展布与演化规律分析油田开发调整方向

油田沉积微相的展布与演化规律控制着主要有利储层的分布,因而油田开发调整方向可根据这些规律来综合考虑。镇泾油田位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南部,该油田长6油层组属于浅湖背景下的辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,其主要沉积微相包括水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝、席状砂、水下分流间及前三角洲泥。该区三角洲分布主要受控于两个大致平行分布的南西-北东向主河道,受基准面升降与沉积物供应的共同作用,三角洲演化呈阶段性变化,大致经历了初始发育期、繁盛发育期、间歇发育期、活化发育期等4个演化阶段,其中繁盛发育期与活化发育期的三角洲水下分流河道与河口坝砂体是主力含油储层。研究区辫状三角洲展布与演化的特点决定了今后油田开发的重点在西南部河道带两侧及东北部三角洲前缘的前端;而垂向上应以优先考虑三角洲繁盛发育期与活化发育期的叠加砂体厚度较大为原则。     

酒泉盆地青西凹陷下沟组高分辨率层序分析

主要应用Cross的高分辨率层序地层学理论及其技术方法,对酒西坳陷青西凹陷下沟组进行了层序地层划分,从中划分为2个长期和5个中期数十个短期基准面旋回层序,分析了不同级次的基准面旋回结构、叠加样式、分布模式,及其与储集砂体的发育关系,探讨了地层格架中生、储、盖组合和有利储集相带和铁白云石—钠长石质喷流岩的平面分布规律。     

二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组沉积相

根据岩心、电测曲线、录井、分析化验、地震等资料,研究了白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组沉积相类型和沉积特征,以及腾格尔组沉积相分布规律。结果表明,腾格尔组发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、湖泊和浊积扇4种沉积相,扇三角洲分布在北部陡坡,辫状河三角洲分布南部缓坡,从盆地边缘到盆地中心,沉积相由扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲沉积渐变为半深湖—深湖相沉积,在三角洲侧翼发育滨—浅湖相沉积,在三角洲前缘以及前三角洲和半深湖中发育浊积扇,整体呈南北分异、东西分化,这种沉积格局受盆地周边断层和古地形控制。扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲前缘亚相带仍然是油气聚集的重要相带,而与断层相关的其前缘近岸浊积扇是岩性油气藏勘探的有利目标。     

长江三角洲ZK01孔末次盛冰期以来沉积物粒度特征及环境演化

根据长江三角洲ZK01孔的粒度资料,从粒度参数、斜体图、概率累积曲线和频率分布曲线等对末次盛冰期以来的沉积物粒度特征进行了详细分析,并结合沉积物的岩性、沉积构造和有孔虫的分布特点,探讨了该区末次盛冰期以来的沉积环境演化。分析表明,ZK01孔末次盛冰期以来,沉积物自下而上可分为5段:河床沉积物以砂和砾质砂为主,粒度概率累积曲线为以跳跃总体为主的两段式;河漫滩相为砂质和黏土互层,概率累积曲线呈以悬浮总体为主的具过渡的两段式,频率分布曲线为双峰或多峰式;河口湾沉积物的粒度参数变化显著,在C-M图上表现为粗细分异明显的两类,对应两种两段式累积曲线,频率分布曲线亦有单峰和双峰式两类;浅海相主要为淤泥质黏土,粒度参数较稳定,概率累积曲线为一段式,几乎均为悬浮总体;三角洲沉积物以细砂和粉砂为主,概率累积曲线为以跳跃总体为主的具过渡的两段式。研究区该时期依次经历了河床、河漫滩、河口湾、浅海和三角洲等5种沉积环境。