Crustal thickening prior to 38 Ma in southern Tibet: Evidence from lower crust-derived adakitic magmatism in the Gangdese Batholith

The petrogenesis and geodynamic implications of the Cenozoic adakites in southern Tibet remain topics of debate. Here we report geochronological and geochemical data for host granites and mafic enclaves from Wolong in the eastern Gangdese Batholith, southern Tibet. Zircon LA-ICP-MS dating indicates that the Wolong host granites and enclaves were synchronously emplaced at ca. 38 Ma. The host granites are medium- to high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous (A/CNK = 0.93-0.96), with high Al₂O₃ (15.47-17.68%), low MgO (0.67-1.18%), very low abundances of compatible elements (e.g., Cr = 3.87-8.36 ppm, Ni = 3.04-5.71 ppm), and high Sr/Y ratios (127-217), similar to those typical of adakite. The mafic enclaves (SiO₂ = 51.08-56.29%) have 3.83-5.02% MgO and an Mg^# of 48-50, with negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.59-0.79). The Wolong host granites and enclaves have similar Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7053-0.7055, ε_Nd(t) = − 2.7 to − 1.4), with varying zircon ε_Hf(t) values, ranging from + 6.0 to + 12.6. A comprehensive study of the data available for adakitic rocks from the Gangdese Batholith indicates that the Wolong adakitic host granites were derived from partial melting of a thickened lower crust, while the parental magmas of the mafic enclaves were most likely derived from lithospheric mantle beneath southern Tibet. The Wolong granitoids are interpreted as the result of mixing between the thickened lower crust-derived melts and lithospheric mantle-derived mafic melts, which are likely the protracted magmatic response to the break-off of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab at about 50 Ma. Our results suggest that the crustal thickening in southern Tibet occurred prior to ~ 38 Ma, and support the general view that the India-Asia collision must have occurred before 40 Ma.     

西天山吐拉苏盆地安山岩中发现岩石包体及地质找矿意义

新疆西天山斑岩型铜矿找矿前景良好,但面临攻坚;吐拉苏盆地是西天山浅成低温热液型金矿集区,晚古生代吐拉苏盆地是北天山洋向南向伊犁板块之下俯冲形成的“西南太平洋型”岛弧环境,在金矿深边部寻找斑岩型铜金矿值得关注。笔者最近在岛弧安山岩中发现硫化物矿化二长斑岩、细晶闪长岩等岩石包体。岩石包体发现于塔乌尔别克金矿区,多呈浑圆体或次棱角状,随机分布于安山岩中,与围岩界线截然,常见安山岩围绕岩石包体形成冷凝边。二长斑岩包体显示似斑状结构,斑晶由斜长石和钾长石组成;细晶闪长岩主要由斜长石和角闪石组成,细晶结构,块状构造;寄主安山岩为斑状结构,斑晶为斜长石和少量角闪石及单斜辉石,基质由短柱状斜长石及少量单斜辉石组成,玻基交织结构。二长斑岩包体、细晶闪长岩包体和寄主安山岩三者具有极为相似的微量元素和稀土元素组成,均富集大离子亲石元素、相对亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素。这些岩石学和地球化学特点反映岩石包体是岛弧火山喷发过程中从下覆地质体捕掳成因,指示安山岩层之下存在同源斑岩体并可能已发生硫化物矿化。综合考虑吐拉苏盆地铜矿化点、酸性热液蚀变、高硫型和低硫型浅成低温热液金矿的组合关系,认为盆地内发育斑岩-浅成低温热液金铜成矿系统,塔乌尔别克是斑岩型铜金矿找矿重要靶区。     

Occurrence and significance of a quartz–amphibole schist xenolith within a mafic microgranular enclave in the Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex,SE China

The Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex is composed of rhyolitic crystal tuffs, welded tuffs, rhyodacite, porphyroclastic rhyolitic lava, subvolcanic rocks such as granite porphyry, and late quartz monzonitic porphyry and lamprophyre dikes. We report the first occurrence of a quartz–amphibole schist (QAS) xenolith enclosed within a mafic microgranular enclave (MME) in the Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex. The mineralogy of this xenolith consists of amphibole, biotite, quartz, and minor plagioclase. Petrographic and mineral composition studies indicate that the protolith of this xenolith likely originated from the metamorphic basement beneath Xiangshan. The amphibole (actinolite and magnesiohorblende) has been partially replaced by orthopyroxene at 800–1000°C and by diopside at <700°C, according to mineral thermometers; this replacement process may have taken place after the xenolith was trapped by the mafic magma host (now an MME). Studies of the QAS xenolith provide new information on the emplacement history of the mafic magma. The peak metamorphic temperature for amphibole replaced by pyroxene is higher than the crystallization temperature of the subvolcanic magma, which indicates that the heat of pyroxene formation must have been provided by the engulfing mafic melt. This magma must have emplaced to crustal level and trapped the QAS as a xenolith and then injected into the felsic magma. We suggested that the hybridization processes for the major elements of the pristine mafic magma may have been contaminated by crustal rocks to form its present composition of MME before mafic magma injection. However, the hybridization process appears not to have been formed via a single-stage process because various types of MMEs are presented in the Mesozoic magmatic rocks of SE China.     

Controls on migration and aggregation for tectonically sensitive elements in tectonically deformed coal: An example from the Haizi mine,Huaibei coalfield,China

Tectonically deformed coal(TDC)develops because of the superimposed deformation and metamorphism of a coal seam by tectonic movements.The migration and accumulation of trace elements in TDC is largely in response to stress-strain conditions.To develop a law governing the migration and aggregation of sensitive elements and investigate the geological controls on TDC,coal samples from different deformation sequences were collected from the Haizi mine,in the Huaibei coalfield in Anhui Province,China,and the concentrations of 49 elements were determined by XRF and ICP-MS,and then microscopically analyzed.The results show that the distribution and morphology of minerals in coal is related to the deformation degree of TDC.The evolutionary process runs from orderly distribution of minerals in a weak brittle deformed coal to disordered distributions in ductile deformed coal.According to the elemental distribution characteristics in TDC,four types of element migration can be identified:stable,aggregate,declining,and undulate types,which are closely related to the deformation degree of TDC.Present data indicate that the overall distribution of rare earth elements(REE)does not change with metamorphism and deformation,but it shows obvious dynamic differentiation phenomena along with the deformation of TDC.Tectonic action after coal-formation,brittle or ductile deformation,and the metamorphic mechanism and its accompanying dynamic thermal effects are the main factors that influence the redistribution of elements in TDC.We conclude that tectonic movements provide the motivation and basis for the redistribution of elements and the paths and modes of element migration are controlled by brittle and ductile deformation metamorphic processes.The dynamic thermal effect has the most significant effect on coal metamorphism and tectonic-stress-accelerated element migration and accumulation.These factors then induce the tectonic-dynamic differentiation phenomenon of element migration.     

Ultrasonic elastic characteristics of five kinds of metamorphic deformed coals under room temperature and pressure conditions

The calibration of the elastic characteristics of deformed coals is essential for seismic inversion of such units, because the prediction of coal deformation is essential for both mining safety and methane production. Therefore, many samples of broken and mylonitic deformed coal were tested with ultrasonic waves in the laboratory. These samples came from four mining areas: the Huainan, Pingdingshan, Hebi and Jiaozuo coal mines, which present five different metamorphic ranks shown as cylinders striking across circular limits of steel. Under normal pressures and temperatures, ultrasonic P- and S-wave tests show that the velocities, quality factors, and elastic moduli of the deformed coals were greatly reduced compared with undeformed coals. Also, some correlation was found between the P- and S-wave velocities in the deformed coals. However, there is no evidence of linear correlations between velocity and density, velocity and quality factor, or the quality factors of P- and S-waves. Compared with the elastic characteristics of undeformed coals, such as P- and S-wave velocity ratios or Poisson’s ratio, those of deformed coals generally decrease and the P-wave quality factors are less than those of S-waves. Moreover, the analysis of the relationship between pore structure and elastic modulus shows a better correlation between the P- and S-wave velocities and effective porosity, pore volume and specific surface area. Also, there are similar relationships between the pore structure and the Young’s and shear moduli. However, there are no such correlations with other moduli. Correlations between these elastic moduli, pore structure, coal rank and density were not found for the various samples of deformed coals, which is consistent with only structural destruction occurring in the deformed coals with other physical properties remaining unchanged. The experimental results show that it is possible to predict the deformation of coals with multi-component seismic elastic inversion.     

韩城矿区构造煤纳米级孔隙结构的分形特征

构造变形可以引起煤纳米级孔隙结构的变化,变形机制的不同对孔隙结构的影响程度也不同。煤的孔隙非均质性极强,传统实验方法难以准确地描述孔隙结构的复杂性,而分形理论提供了描述这一复杂性的量化方法。基于渭北煤田韩城矿区不同类型构造煤的低温氮吸附实验,采用分形FHH方法,定量表征了构造变形对煤纳米级孔隙结构的影响程度。结果表明:韧性变形煤比脆性变形煤的孔隙分形维数高,孔隙结构复杂,非均质性增强,导致毛细凝聚效应增强,吸附滞后突出;构造煤分形维数随着平均孔径的降低和中孔含量的升高而增大,说明构造变形程度越大,平均孔径越小,孔隙结构越复杂。研究认为,分形维数定量反映了煤构造变形的强弱,可以指示煤中纳米级孔隙结构的变形程度。      

预应力锚索地梁在矿山已变形边坡加固中的应用

岩土锚固是边坡岩土体加固的主要措施。以酒泉钢铁（集团）有限责任公司镜铁山矿黑沟矿区已变形边坡加固工程为例,利用Slide软件进行边坡稳定性分析及支护结构设计计算,对已变形边坡采取预应力地梁锚固+坡顶防渗排水+主、被动网防护+随机锚固的综合治理工程措施,阐明了高边坡预应力锚索地梁的一般程序与方法。实践表明,采用以预应力锚索地梁为主的综合防治措施,对已变形高边坡的变形控制和支护效果较好。     

力化学作用与构造煤结构

本文应用力化学理论和煤结构分析方法,研究了煤的力化学作用类型、力化学能量来源及煤结构演化的影响因素,探讨了构造煤形成的力化学作用及其物理一化学动态机制,认为地质构造水平挤压应力是煤力化学作用的重要能量来源,煤体在挤压剪切作用下发生变形、破坏而形成构造煤,另一方面,力化学作用使煤分子结构发生缩聚、降解、芳构、异构和重排等化学变化。指出构造煤是力化学作用的产物,力化学缩聚和降解是构造煤演化的有效作用．构造煤是研究力化学作用机制的良好载体。     

Zadar on the Crossroad of Nationalisms in the 20th Century

Zadar, the ex capital of Dalmatia (South Croatia), within the borders of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, reached the 20th century as a well developed administrative and governing centre. It is a city situated on the eastern (Croatian) Adriatic coast, with an almost 3000 years old tradition and rich cultural and art heritage. After the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was proclaimed (later: the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). Zadar, as a separate enclave (in Italian named Zara), was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. It was the result of the Treaty of Rapallo, by which Zadar was separated from its region. This alienated enclave covered 57 km² and there were about 20,000 inhabitants. In this way, the normal regional function of Zadar was interrupted which lasted untill the end of WW II. It was a period of isolation, economic stagnation, smuggling, political marginality and military-strategical importance. Zadar became not only one of the symbols of the failure of Croats to create their independent state after Austro-Hungarian disintegration but also a symbol of the realisation of nationalistic aspirations of the Kingdoms of Italy and Serbia. In the first place Zadar lost its function as a leading governmental and strong economical centre of South Croatia (Dalmatia). The great majority of Croatian inhabitants had to leave the city. Thousands of Italians immigrated, which led to a complete change in the ethnic structure. The most disastrous consequence was the air-raid destruction of Zadar during WW II., in which about 5000 people died. After the destroyed town had been returned to the motherland Republic of Croatia, the restoration took a long time. The borders of Zadar district were often changed, its territory reduced or increased. Since Croatia gained independence, the role of this geographic area has become politically extremely important. Today, Zadar numbers 80,000 inhabitants. The recent NATO intention of installing a logistic basis near it (1998) also proves that strategic and geopolitical interests, regarding this city and its region, continue.     

胶东文登长山南花岗闪长岩体的岩浆混合成因：闪长质包体及寄主岩石的地球化学、Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Hf同位素证据

胶东昆嵛山杂岩文登长山南花岗闪长岩体中广泛分布具有火成结构的闪长质包体,这些包体主要为椭圆形或纺锤形,定向排列,大小不等(几cm至几m),颜色较寄主岩深,粒度较细。包体具有与寄主岩石相似的矿物组合,但铁镁质矿物及斜长石含量明显比寄主岩石高,而石英和钾长石含量低于寄主岩石;镜下包体具有明显的不平衡反应结构,广泛发育针状磷灰石。在地球化学特征上,包体和寄主岩石部富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,并具有相近的Sr、Nd同位素组成,ISr为0．70784-0．70818,εNd为-15．0--15．5。然而,包体和寄主岩石的主量元素在相关图上呈明显的线性关系, 并且岩石学和锆石Hf同位素特征也明显表明文登长山南岩体在成岩过程中发生了镁铁质岩浆和长英质岩浆的混合作用。在岩浆混合作用过程中,全岩Sr、Nd同位素和晚期生成的矿物组成比较快速地达到了均一化,而主量元素和高温矿物锆石Hf同位素组成则残留了原始岩浆的部分特征。研究表明,锆石Hf同位素在岩浆混合作用过程中不容易达到同位素平衡,其同位素组成比全岩Sr、Nd同位素更能有效地示踪混合岩浆的源区特征和岩浆混合过程。