Calculated fluid evolution path versus fluid inclusion data in the COHN system as exemplified by metamorphic rocks from Rogaland, south-west Norway

Abstract Fluid evolution paths in the COHN system can be calculated for metamorphic rocks if there are relevant data regarding the mineral assemblages present, and regarding the oxidation and nitrodation states throughout the entire P-T loop. The compositions of fluid inclusions observed in granulitic rocks from Rogaland (south-west Norway) are compared with theoretical fluid compositions and molar volumes. The fluid parameters are calculated using a P-T path based on mineral assemblages, which are represented by rocks within the pigeonite-in isograd and by rocks near the orthopyroxene-in isograd surrounding an intrusive anorthosite massif. The oxygen and nitrogen fugacities are assumed to be buffered by the coexisting Fe-Ti oxides and Cr-carlsbergite, respectively. Many features of the natural fluid inclusions, including (1) the occurrence of CO₂-N₂-rich graphite-absent fluid inclusions near peak M2 metamorphic conditions (927° C and 400 MPa), (2) the non-existence of intermediate ternary CO₂-CH₄-N₂ compositions and (3) the low-molar-volume CO₂-rich fluid inclusions (36–42 cm³ mol^?1), are reproduced in the calculated fluid system. The observed CO₂-CH₄-rich inclusions with minor N₂ (5 mol%) should also include a large proportion of H₂O according to the calculations. The absence of H₂O from these natural high-molar-volume CO₂-CH₄-rich inclusions and the occurrence of natural CH₄-N₂-rich inclusions are both assumed to result from preferential leakage of H₂O. This has been previously experimentally demonstrated for H₂O-CO₂-rich fluid inclusions, and has also been theoretically predicted. Fluid-deficient conditions may explain the relatively high molar volumes, but cannot be used to explain the occurrence of CH₄-N₂-rich inclusions and the absence of H₂O.     

甘肃厂坝铅锌矿富甲烷流体包裹体的发现及其意义

厂坝铅锌矿床被认为是海底喷流沉积型矿床,但对于该矿床成矿流体特别是流体包裹体研究非常薄弱。本文系统研究了厂坝铅锌矿床与矿石伴生石英中的流体包裹体,并首次发现了富甲烷流体包裹体。测温结果表明,单相富甲烷包裹体的低温相变有两种方式,气液相均一温度范围为-114～-80℃。拉曼探针的测试结果显示CH4为包裹体中的主要成分,另外有少量H2S及微量的N2、CO2等气体。这种富甲烷流体可能是海底有机物还原海水形成,它的发现进一步佐证了厂坝铅锌矿床的海底热液喷流成因。     

A Preliminary Study on Fluid Inclusions and Mineralization of Xitieshan Sedimentary-Exhalative (SEDEX) Lead-Zinc Deposit

The Xitieshan lead-zinc deposit is located at the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, China, and had developed a complete marine sedimentary-exhalative system. Our preliminary study of ore-forming fluids shows that fluid inclusions in quartz from altered stockwork rocks that represent the pipe facies have a wide range of temperature and salinity. The intense fluid activities are characteristics of the pipe facies of the exhalative system. Fluid inclusions in carbonates near the unstratified ore bodies hosted in the thick-bedded marble which represents vent-proximal facies are large in size and have moderate to high temperatures. They represent unerupted sub-seafloor fluid activity. Fluids in altered stockwork rocks and carbonates have similar H2O-NaCl-CO2 system, both belonging to the sedimentary-exhalative system. The fluids migrate from the pipe facies to the unstratified ore bodies. Boiling of the fluids causes the separation of CO2 vapor and liquid H2O. When the fluids migrate into the unconsolidated thick-bedded marble, the escape of CO2, decreasing temperature and pressure as well as some involvement of seawater into the fluids result in the unmixing of fluids with high and low salinity and deposition of ore-forming materials. The two unmixed fluids were trapped in unconsolidated carbonates and the ore-forming materials were deposited in the unconsolidated carbonates to form the sedimentary-exhalative type unstratified ore bodies. The ore-forming temperature of unstratified ore bodies is up to high temperature indicating that there is a huge ore-forming potential in its deep.     

The fidelity of melt inclusions as records of melt composition

A series of experiments created melt inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene crystals grown from a basaltic melt at 1,150°C, 1.0 GPa to investigate diffusive fractionation during melt inclusion formation; additionally, P diffusion in a basaltic melt was measured at 1.0 GPa. Melt inclusions and melts within a few 100 microns of plagioclase–melt interfaces were analyzed for comparison with melt compositions far from the crystals. Melt inclusions and melt compositions in the boundary layer close to the crystal–melt interface were similar, but both differ significantly in incompatible element concentrations from melt found greater than approximately 200 microns away from the crystals. The compositional profiles of S, Cl, P, Fe, and Al in the boundary layers were successfully reproduced by a two-step model of rapid crystal growth followed by diffusive relaxation toward equilibrium after termination of crystal growth. Applying this model to investigate possible incompatible element enrichment in natural melt inclusions demonstrated that at growth rates high enough to create the conditions for melt inclusion formation, ∼10⁻⁹–10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹, the concentration of water in the boundary layer near the crystal was similar to that of the bulk melt because of its high diffusion coefficient, but sulfur, with a diffusivity similar to major elements and CO₂, was somewhat enriched in the boundary layer melt, and phosphorus, with its low diffusion coefficient similar to other high-field strength elements and rare earth elements, was significantly enriched. Thus, the concentrations of sulfur and phosphorus in melt inclusions may over-estimate their values in the bulk melt, and other elements with similar diffusion coefficients may also be enriched in melt inclusions relative to the bulk melt. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

湖南鹿井地区铀成矿地质背景及找矿思路分析

鹿井地区是我国的重要铀成矿区之一。在综述鹿井铀矿田地质背景的基础上,重点分析了深源成矿、深大走滑断裂、热变质带、花岗斑岩对铀成矿的重要作用。指出NNE-NE向遂川-热水左行走滑断裂直接控制了鹿井矿田的沉积特征、构造格局和铀成矿作用。因此,需要对已发现的矿床（点）和矿化点从深源成矿、深大走滑断裂控矿入手,深入研究其形成和演化特征及其最佳耦合类型,探索新类型,发现新的有利地区,预测和优选出可望突破的找矿靶区,最终对矿田及其周边的铀资源潜力做出科学评价。     

叶巴滩水电站深部破裂岩体波速特征

揭示深部破裂岩体波速特征及深部破裂对岩体卸荷、损伤、完整性及弹性模量的影响,以叶巴滩水电站岸坡深部破裂为典型实例,开展深部破裂现象精细测绘与声波测试。研究表明:根据宏观地质特征与波速,可将深部破裂划分为轻微松弛型、中等松弛型、强烈松弛型;轻微松弛型深部破裂岩体纵波波速大于4 200m/s,中等松弛型深部破裂岩体纵波波速3 000~4 500m/s,强烈松弛型深部破裂岩体纵波波速小于3 000m/s;轻微松弛型深部破裂对岩体卸荷程度、损伤程度、强度弱化影响较小,中等松弛型深部破裂次之,强烈松弛型深部破裂影响最为显著;轻微松弛型深部破裂岩体较完整,中等松弛型深部破裂岩体完整性差-较破碎;强烈松弛型深部破裂岩体已处于较破碎-破碎状态。     

新疆蒙其古尔铀矿床成矿流体特征及其与铀成矿的关系

蒙其古尔铀矿床为大型层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床,前人对其成矿流体来源的研究相对较少。为探讨其成矿流体的性质和来源,笔者利用显微测温学和激光拉曼光谱方法,对其流体包裹体的温度、盐度、密度和成分进行了系统的分析研究,并对其成矿流体的氢、氧同位素及含矿目的层砂岩方解石胶结物的碳、氧同位素组成特征进行了研究。研究表明,该矿床流体包裹体主要有气烃包裹体、液烃包裹体和盐水包裹体,成群分布于砂岩粒间方解石胶结物中,或沿切穿石英颗粒的微裂隙呈线状或带状分布,均一温度为56~76℃,盐度w(NaCleq)为1.23%~19.84%,密度为0.99~1.12 g/cm~3,气体成分以CH_4为主;成矿流体的δD(H_2O)V_SMOW=-93.0‰~-48.3‰,δ~(18)O(H_2O)V_SMOW=-10.3‰~-5.1‰,方解石胶结物的δ~(13)CV_PDB=-10.9‰~-7.2‰,δ~(18)OV_SMOW=17.6‰~24.9‰。上述特征揭示出蒙其古尔铀矿床成矿流体是由大气降水性质的地表水和煤系地层有机质脱羧基作用产生的有机酸及伴生的CH_4等还原性气体(煤型气)两部分组成,具有低温、盐度跨度大、中等密度及多期叠加等特点,明显有别于深部油气大规模充注。地表含铀含氧水层间渗入与煤系地层产生煤型气等还原性渗出流体的共同作用,形成了蒙其古尔铀矿床。     

塔里木北缘库鲁克塔格地块大金沟金矿流体包裹体特征:对矿床成因的启示

在成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征研究基础上,对大金沟金矿主矿体中含矿石英脉流体包裹体开展了系统的岩相观察和显微测温工作。结果表明:大金沟金矿含矿石英脉中主要发育富液相的气液两相包裹体,偶见纯液相或气相包裹体。这些包裹体可分为低温高盐度(75℃~121℃,16.71 wt%NaCl~19.68 wt%NaCl)、低温低盐度(100℃~172℃,0.7 wt%NaCl~5.71 wt%NaCl)、中低温中低盐度(75℃~253℃,6.16 wt%NaCl~12.51 wt%NaCl)和高温中低盐度(331℃~420℃,4.96 wt%NaCl~12.51 wt%NaCl)等4类。大金沟金矿主成矿期流体包裹体的均一温度(75℃~253℃)和盐度(0.7 wt%NaCl~19.68 wt%NaCl)变化较大,且两者的相关性不明显,属典型的中低盐度流体体系,与造山过程相关的变质流体类似,表明该矿床可能为造山型金矿床。     

辽宁青城子矿集区金银矿成矿流体特征和成矿物质来源示踪

青城子矿集区地处辽东-吉南裂谷带西端,是金银多金属的重要矿集区,其成矿作用复杂,为了深入揭示其成矿流体特征和成矿物质来源,近期作者对矿集区内典型的金银矿床(高家堡子银矿、小佟家堡子金矿、杨树金矿和林家三道沟金矿)的地质特征研究的基础上,开展了流体包裹体测温和激光拉曼成分分析,H、O、C、S、Pb同位素的分析,进行了多元同位素体系的综合示踪。青城子矿集区金银矿床最为发育富液相包裹体,局部发育气相包裹体,个别石英脉中少量发育H_2O-CO_2三相包裹体和CO_2两相包裹体,成矿温度范围大,是多阶段成矿作用发展演化的反映,主成矿温度在120~210℃之间。成矿流体为中温低盐度低密度的水盐流体。激光拉曼成分特征,成矿流体总体属于含H_2的H_2O-NaCl-CH_4-CO_2体系,属于还原性流体,具有深源的特征。氢氧同位素结果显示,成矿热液主要来源于岩浆水和大气降水。碳氧同位素结果显示,成矿流体起源或流经含有大量有机质的地层,地层中的有机质可能参与了金的富集成矿。硫同位素特征表明,矿体中的硫来自海水硫酸盐还原硫与深部岩浆热液来源的混合,可能主要来自海水硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素结果表明,金银矿石中铅是地层与岩浆岩的混合铅。