陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混积岩及其油气地质意义

根据混积岩的分类命名、沉积环境和沉积模式等的研究现状及其在石油地质领域的研究进展,综合分析得出：有利 于混合沉积的沉积相主要是滨海相、滨浅湖相,其次是浅海陆棚、陆表海、三角洲相等;对其沉积环境的分析表明,滨海 相混积岩发育的控制因素是潮汐作用、相对比较强的水动力条件以及有利于低等生物发育的浅海环境,控制滨浅湖相混积 岩发育的因素是频繁的湖平面和气候的变化;因此认为深入探讨混积岩的沉积微相及其环境因素,对于完善和统一混积岩 独立的分类方案和命名体系是一有效途径。在此基础上,结合柴西北区古近系和新近系中深层湖相混积岩的研究实例,初 步提出了湖相和海相的混合沉积综合模式示意图;根据与混积岩相关的烃源岩和油气储层的研究资料认为,滨、浅海相和 滨、浅湖等海（湖）陆过渡地带的混合沉积,也可成为优质储层和烃源岩的勘探靶区。     

Theoretical Calculation Model of Heat Transfer for Deep-derived Supercritical Fluids with a Case Study

Based on a set of equations established by Duan et al. (1992, 1996) for a geofluid system H2O-CO2-CH4(-N2), a formula is obtained to calculate the heat changes. Combining the geological T-P conditions (geothermal gradients and lithostatic and hydrostatic pressures), the enthalpy of some typical geofluids is figured out. Then the principles of heat transfer of deep-derived supercritical fluids are discussed. The result shows that deep-derived geofluids can bring a large amount of thermal heat and release most heat to the shallow surroundings as they move up, because the molar enthalpies vary very greatly from the deep to shallow, increasing with the increases of T and P. Generally, more than tens of kilojoules heat per molar can be released. Furthermore, the molar enthalpy is affected by the compositions of the geofluids, and the molar enthalpy of CO2, CH4, or N2 is greater than that of H2O, being twice, more than twice, and about 140% of H2O, respectively. Finally, a case study is conducted by investigat     

Geochemical characteristics of Cenozoic high-K igneous rocks from Liuhe-Xiangduo area, eastern Tibet

The major elements, trace elements and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of Cenozoic high-K igneous rocks and mafic deep-derived enclaves from the Liuhe-Xiangduo area, eastern Tibet, indicate the high-K igneous rocks are characterized as being enriched in Ca (CaO= 1.20% - 8.80% ), alkali (Na2O K2O= 3.47% - 10.65% ), especially K (K2O up to 5.96% ) and depleted in Ti (TiO2= 0.27% - 1.50% ). Their REE contents are very high (REE= 91.29 - 231.11 μg/g). Their REE distribution patterns are of the right-inclined type, characterized by intense LREE enrichment [(La/Yb)N= 7.44 - 15.73 ]. The rocks are distinctly enriched in Rb, Sr and Ba ( 46.3 -316 μg/g, 349-1220 μg/g and 386-2394 μg/g, respectively), high in U and Th ( 1.17 - 8.10 μg/g and 2.58 - 27.0 μg/g, respectively), moderate in Zr and Hf ( 87.5 -241 μg/g and 2.83 - 7.52 μg/g, respectively), and depleted in Nb and Ta ( 4.81 - 16.8 μg/g and 0.332 - 1.04 μg/g, respectively). In the primitive mantle-normalized incompatible element spidergram, U, K, Sr and Hf show positive anomalies, whereas Th, Nb, Ta, P, and Ti show negative anomalies. The rocks are strongly depleted in Cr and Ni ( 21.4 -1470 μg/g and 7.79 -562 μg/g, respectively), and their transition element distribution curves are obviously of type-W. The ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i ratios range from 0.704184 to 0.707539 ; ( 143 Nd / 144 Nd)i from 0.512265 to 0.512564 ; and ε Nd (t) from -6.3 to -0.4 . These geochemical features might suggest that the potential source of the high-K igneous rocks in the Liuhe-Xiangduo area is similar to the EM2, which may be similar to the material enriched K that is located under the crust-mantle mixed layer. The mafic deep-derived enclaves in the high-K igneous rocks belong to chance xenoliths. Their ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr)i ratios range from 0.706314 to 0.707198 ; ( 143 Nd / 144 Nd)i from 0.512947 to 0.513046 ; and ε Nd (t) from 7.0 to 9.0 . These geochemical features might indicate that the enclaves probably came from the depleted mantle. The P-T conditions of the enclaves also showed that the enclaves are middle-lower crust metamorphic rocks, which were accidentally captured at 20-50 km level by rapidly entrained high-K magma, whose source is over 50 km in depth.     

滇西新生代富碱斑岩及其深源包体的岩石学和地球化学特征

滇西地区沿金沙江—哀牢山断裂带产出了一套第三纪富碱斑岩 ,其中包含有多种类型的深源包体 ,它们对于了解滇西地区的地幔组成与演化及壳幔相互作用有重要意义。介绍了鹤庆六合、剑川新华、甸心和石鼓小桥头等地的富碱斑岩及其深源包体的岩石类型和岩相学特征 ;通过对寄主岩及其包体的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和Pb、Sr、Nd同位素的分析 ,运用多种地球化学判别图解并结合实验岩石学和相平衡的研究结果 ,认为研究区的富碱斑岩属于钾玄岩系列的岩石 ,主要形成于后碰撞弧环境 ;富碱斑岩起源于滇西加厚地壳的下部 (约 5 5km处 ) ,源区岩石应是榴辉岩相的岩石 ;富碱斑岩的源区具有EMⅡ型富集地幔的地球化学特征 ,其成因可能和下地壳岩石与具有俯冲残留洋壳特征的地幔的混合作用有关     

A unique lacustrine mixed dolomitic-clastic sequence for tight oil reservoir within the middle Permian Lucaogou Formation of the Junggar Basin,NW China: Reservoir characteristics and origin

The middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusaer Sag of the southeastern Junggar Basin, NW China, was the site of a recent discovery of a giant tight oil reservoir. This reservoir is unusual as it is hosted by lacustrine mixed dolomitic-clastic rocks, significantly differing from other tight reservoirs that are generally hosted by marine/lacustrine siliciclastic–calcitic sequences. Here, we improve our understanding of this relatively new type of tight oil reservoir by presenting the results of a preliminarily investigation into the basic characteristics and origin of this reservoir using field, petrological, geophysical (including seismic and logging), and geochemical data. Field and well core observations indicate that the Lucaogou Formation is a sequence of mixed carbonate (mainly dolomites) and terrigenous clastic (mainly feldspars) sediments that were deposited in a highly saline environment. The formation is divided into upper and lower cycles based on lithological variations between coarse- and fine-grained rocks; in particular, dolomites and siltstones are interbedded with organic-rich mudstones in the lower part of each cycle, whereas the upper part of each cycle contains few dolomites and siltstones. Tight oil accumulations are generally present in the lower part of each cycle, and dolomites and dolomite-bearing rocks are the main reservoir rocks in these cycles, including sandy dolomite, dolarenite, dolomicrite, and a few dolomitic siltstones. Optical microscope, back scattered electron, and scanning electron microscope imaging indicate that the main oil reservoir spaces are secondary pores that were generated by the dissolution of clastics and dolomite by highly acidic and corrosive hydrocarbon-related fluids.     

滇西六合地区新生代正长斑岩中深源包体的矿物学特征与成因意义

在云南省鹤庆县六合乡河东村的正长斑岩中产出多种含石榴石的深源包体。文中详细介绍了这些包体的岩相学特征和退变质特征 ,提供了包体中主要造岩矿物的化学成分分析结果。根据包体中的矿物组合及主要造岩矿物的化学成分特征划分出了 5种包体类型 ,并运用单斜辉石地质温压计、角闪石地质压力计和石榴石单斜辉石Fe Mg交换地质温度计计算了包体形成和退变质的温压条件 ,初步确定石榴石透辉岩及石榴辉石岩来源于上地幔 (87～ 95km) ,在快速上升到下地壳时被正长斑岩岩浆捕获 ;石榴石透辉角闪岩、麻粒岩形成于下地壳 (45～ 5 5km ) ,石榴石斜长角闪岩形成于中下地壳 (约 30km) ,为壳源岩石包体。除石榴辉石岩外 ,其余 4种包体均经历了退变质作用。根据它们的显微结构特征、矿物化学特征及温压计算结果 ,划分了两个变质期次 ,构筑了包体形成及退变质作用的 p T轨迹 ,讨论了退变质过程中压力 深度的变化及意义 ,并推断在退变质过程中包体经历了富Na流体的交代作用。     

湖相烃源岩中的火山—热液深源物质与油气生成耦合关系研究进展*

陆内湖相烃源岩系是中国含油气盆地广泛发育的一类组分复杂且富含有机质的细粒沉积岩。随着非常规油气资源需求量日益增加,该岩系被作为致密油或页岩油层系受到广泛关注。然而,其极细的粒度增加了精细岩石学、矿物学研究难度,使它长期被简单视为陆源沉积岩。研究发现,该岩系中发育丰富的火山喷发及热液喷流产生的深源物质,并与油气的生成和富集表现出了极强的耦合关系。因此,探索深源物质如何参与烃源岩形成并影响油气生成亟待深入研究。作者详细总结并探讨了国内外近年来关于湖相烃源岩成因以及火山—热液活动带来的深源物质与油气形成关系的现阶段新发现与认识。并结合笔者研究团队基于新疆三塘湖盆地二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩的新发现,采用精细的岩石学、矿物学方法,结合无机和有机地球化学等方法,初步开展了该耦合关系的机理研究。认为火山—热液深源物质参与了烃源岩的沉积与成岩作用,并与正常湖相沉积物共同影响着油气的形成。建议重新认识湖相烃源岩的物质组成,从而拓展陆相生油理论,同时为同类型非常规油气资源勘探开发提供理论指导。     

Sedimentological and petrochemical studies of Jurassic clastic rocks,Habo Dome Basin,Kachchh Mainland,Northwest India: Implications for depositional environment,provenance, and tectonic setting

Mesozoic rocks are extensively and excellently preserved in the western Indian shield in several basins. The Kachchh Mainland Basin (KMB), comprising six small sub‐basins, is the main repository of these sediments. Habo Dome Basin, situated in the easternmost part of KMB and largest among the six basins, hosts clastics of the Chari Formation of Jurassic age. The fluctuating transgressive–regressive facies cycle, developed during the Callovian and Late Early Oxfordian in the Habo Dome Basin, was mainly controlled by local tectonics and not by global eustatic fluctuations. Near magmatic relationships are displayed by various elements of the clastic rocks of Habo Dome Basin. Two litho‐chemical groups have been identified in Habo Dome Basin, which are cyclically repeated over entire lithostratigraphic sequence, indicating alternate pulses of sediment inputs from two different sources under palpitating tectonic conditions. Provenance indicator elements and their ratios coupled with source modeling indicate predominantly felsic source with basic and alkalic components. Integrated analysis of petrograhic and geochemical characteristics suggests two source terranes for these rocks: a granitoid source with significant basic volcanics (Banded Gneissic Complex) and a granite–gneissic source with minor alkaline volcanics (Nagarparkar Massif) lying to northeast and NNW respectively. The petrochemistry of Habo Dome clastics suggests their deposition in a fault controlled sink which was influenced by sea level changes. Drifting of the Indian plate resulted in the opening of series of rifted basins in the Kachchh Mainland during Late Triassic/Early Jurassic, which were closed later during collision of Indian plate with Eurasia at early Eocene. The Habo Dome Basin which opened up as a half graben in response to the initial stress regime, remained tectonically unstable until the cessation of pre and post collisional stress regimes.     

滇西马厂箐岩体及其中深源包体地球化学特征

云南马厂箐岩体是滇西喜马拉雅期富碱侵入岩带的重要组成部分,具有高钾富碱的特征,属于高钾钙碱性或钾玄岩岩石系列。该岩体中首次发现镁铁质深源暗色包体,寄主岩及包体的对比研究为揭示富碱岩浆的性质、起源及成岩成矿的地球动力学机制提供了可靠的地质依据。包体大部分呈浑圆状或次圆状,微细粒结构,包体中含针状磷灰石,部分包体中含有寄主岩石中的钾长石和石英斑晶。包体及寄主岩的主量和微量元素协变图呈不同程度的直线变异关系,而且稀土、微量元素曲线形态相近,显示了包体和寄主岩在地球化学特征上既有相似性,又具有明显非同源性的特点。以上特征表明,马厂箐岩体中的暗色包体是壳幔岩浆混合的产物,幔源岩浆的混合注入是这套岩浆成矿的关键因素。     

青藏东缘六合-香多镁铁质深源包体的岩石学和矿物学研究

对青藏东缘新生代六合-香多地区高钾岩系中镁铁质深源包体的岩石学和矿物化学成分的详细研究表明：六合-香多镁铁质深源包体为中-下地壳变质岩。包体有5种岩石类型，即石榴透辉岩、石榴斜长角闪岩、石榴角闪岩、斜长角闪岩和角闪石岩，其矿物组合分别为Grt Di Hbl，Grt Pl Hbl Di，Grt Hbl Pl，Pl Hbl和Hbl Bt。包体具中-粗粒变晶结构，退变质作用强烈。石榴石主要为铁铝石榴石(Alm=64．86％～32．93％，Prp=41．80％～4．96%，Grs=35.83％～8.43％)，发育后成合晶结构和角闪石冠状体。大颗粒石榴石内部保存有完好的生长环带，边部石榴石和小颗粒石榴石因受高钾岩浆热和流体的强烈改造致使其生长环带已被抹平；辉石为透辉石和次透辉石，富Ca(CaO=19．70％～24．64％)贫Na(Na2O=0．28％～2．72％)；角闪石主要为韭闪石；斜长石成分变化大(An=0．90～82．95)；云母为金云母(XMg=0．60～0．67)，具有高Mg(MgO=14．20％～14．23％)的成分特征。温压估算表明，前3类包体主要来自下地壳，平衡温压较高(720℃～950℃，0．74GPa～1．50GPa)；后两类包体主要来自中地壳，平衡温压较低(510℃～735℃，0．60GPa～0．98GPa)。包体属偶然包体，是起源深度大于50km的高钾岩浆在快速上升过程中于20km～50km部位随机俘获的中-下地壳变质岩。