Effects of Deep Fluids on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins

Deep fluids in a petroliferous basin generally come from the deep crust or mantle beneath the basin basement, and they transport deep substances(gases and aqueous solutions) as well as heat to sedimentary strata through deep faults. These deep fluids not only lead to large-scale accumulations of CO_2, CH_4, H_2, He and other gases, but also significantly impact hydrocarbon generation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interactions. With the development of deep faults and magmatic-volcanic activities in different periods, most Chinese petroliferous basins have experienced strong impacts associated with deep fluid activity. In the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Northern Jiangsu, Sanshui, Yinggehai and Pearl Mouth Basins in China, a series of CO_2 reservoirs have been discovered. The CO_2 content is up to 99%, with δ~(13)C_(CO2) values ranging from-4.1‰ to-0.37‰ and ~3He/~4He ratios of up to 5.5 Ra. The abiogenic hydrocarbon gas reservoirs with commercial reserves, such as the Changde, Wanjinta, Zhaozhou, and Chaoyanggou reservoirs, are mainly distributed in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin. The δ~(13)CCH4 values of the abiogenic alkane gases are generally -30‰ and exhibit an inverse carbon isotope sequence of δ~(13)C_(CH4)δ~(13)C_(C2H6)δ~(13)C_(C3H8)δ~(13)C_(C4H10). According to laboratory experiments, introducing external H_2 can improve the rate of hydrocarbon generation by up to 147% through the kerogen hydrogenation process. During the migration from deep to shallow depth, CO_2 can significantly alter reservoir rocks. In clastic reservoirs, feldspar is easily altered by CO_2-rich fluids, leading to the formation of dawsonite, a typical mineral in high CO_2 partial pressure environments, as well as the creation of secondary porosity. In carbonate reservoirs, CO_2-rich fluids predominately cause dissolution or precipitation of carbonate minerals. The minerals, e.g., calcite and dolomite, show some typical features, such as higher homogenization temperatures than the burial temperature, relatively high concentrations of Fe and Mn, positive Eu anomalies, depletion of 18 O and enrichment of radiogenic ~(87)Sr. Due to CO_2-rich fluids, the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs is extended to deep strata. For example, the Well TS1 in the northern Tarim Basin revealed a high-quality Cambrian dolomite reservoir with a porosity of 9.1% at 8408 m, and the Well ZS1 C in the central Tarim Basin revealed a large petroleum reserve in a Cambrian dolomite reservoir at ~6900 m. During the upward migration from deep to shallow basin strata, large volumes of supercritical CO_2 may extract petroleum components from hydrocarbon source rocks or deep reservoirs and facilitate their migration to shallow reservoirs, where the petroleum accumulates with the CO_2. Many reservoirs containing both supercritical CO_2 and petroleum have been discovered in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, Northern Jiangsu, Pearl River Mouth and Yinggehai Basins. The components of the petroleum trapped with CO_2 are dominated by low molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons.     

京津唐地区深部挤压带特征及其与地震的关系

京津唐地区的深部挤压带轴线沿宁河、香河、昌平一线呈南东—北西走向,在通过该带的北东向Ｍ和Ｃ面上均有一向北西弯曲的弧形。地壳下部和上地幔顶部层位呈透镜状增厚,浅部的北东向断裂也向北西弯曲。应力测量表明现今该带的应力场为向北西挤压。深部挤压作用是由渤海底部的扩张所产生的。该挤压带控制着地震的发生,特别其北东侧是一个强地震区     

深部找矿钻探施工工艺与方法

介绍了在老矿区深部进行找煤所采用的工艺与方法,即在采空煤层井段采用风动潜孔锤钻进方法进行施工,在钻穿采空煤层后在深部采用绳索取心钻进方法施工。对施工中遇到的技术问题所采用的方法及取得的经验与教训进行了阐述。     

反调节水库非恒定流数值模拟

采用二维水深平均方程组作为控制方程,利用边界拟合法进行坐标变换,采用有限体积法计算反调节水库的流场。在计算中,由于已知上游泵站抽水流量及下游枢纽供水流量,且上下游均找不到水位流量关系,上下游边界均为流速边界条件,没有压力边界条件,解不惟一,所以采用全水库水量平衡方程作为补充方程来补充定解条件。     

Kuiper带小天体动力演化

Kuiper带是指太阳系内位于离太阳 30～ 50AU一个区域。 1 992年该区域陆续发现了一群半径在几十到几百公里的小天体。这些小天体在Kuiper带的分布是极其不均匀的。Kuiper带小天体的发现对人们认识太阳系的形成与演化有重要的意义。本文回顾了近年来国际上在Kuiper带小天体动力演化方面的研究 ,着重分析了目前国际上几种用以解释其非均匀分布的动力学机制 ,并提出目前该领域的一些尚未解决的问题。     

利用盐湖常见元素的助烧结作用绿色制备氧化镁及磷酸镁水泥

低活性氧化镁是制备磷酸镁水泥(MPC)的关键原材料。现行低活性氧化镁的生产方式导致了制备MPC具有能耗高和成本高的缺点,不利于其推广应用。利用盐湖中常见元素如B,Na、K和Cl的助烧结作用,在≤1 200℃煅烧盐湖提锂镁渣、外掺B的轻烧镁粉和水氯镁石的热解产物制备低活性氧化镁。介绍了低活性氧化镁的粒径、比表面积、孔隙率、化学组成、矿物组成和形貌等物理特征,以及低活性氧化镁制备MPC的凝结时间、水化产物、微观结构、抗压强度、体积稳定性等凝结硬化性能,并分析了烧结温度对低活性氧化镁的理化性能及MPC的凝结硬化性能的影响。相比现有技术,利用盐湖共存元素的助烧结作用可将氧化镁的烧结温度由1 500～1 800℃降低到1 200℃以下,有利于实现低活性氧化镁及MPC的低能耗、低成本绿色制备,促进MPC的推广应用。     

空-地-井重力异常正则化协同密度反演方法

围绕综合利用空-地-井多源重力异常联合反演提升精度的目标,提出正则化协同密度反演方法,从而有效利用多维数据的横向和纵向变化特征提高反演精度,且无需先验信息的约束.此外,还提出利用奇异值谱和深度分辨率工具评价航空数据观测高度和层数对反演分辨率的影响.通过理论模型试验本文方法在空-地、地-井等不同情况下的应用效果,结果表明空-地-井重力异常正则化协同密度反演方法能获得更高分辨率、高精度的反演结果,且证明不同的钻孔位置对反演结果有较大的影响,从而可指导实际的空-地-井联合勘探.最后,利用文顿盐丘实际勘探数据进行空地和空地井重力数据协同反演,反演结果垂向分辨率明显优于地面观测数据反演结果,盐盖的顶面及中心埋深与前人研究和地质资料解释相吻合,验证了方法正确性及实用性,为推进我国空-地-井立体重磁勘探提供了重要的技术手段.

     

Crustal structure of Dabieshan orogenic belt

The crustal structures ofP velocity and density on the deep seismic sounding profile across the Ilabieshan orogenic belt are presented. There is a 5-km-thick crustal “root” between the Yuexi and Xiaotian where the elevation is highest on the profile. An apparent Moho offset of 4. 5 km beneath the Xiaotian-Mozitan fault marks the paleo-suture of the Triassic collision. A high-velocity anomaly zone at the depth below 3 km beneath the ultra-high pressure (UHP) zone may be correlated to the higher content of UHP metamorphic rocks. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Joint Earthquake Science Foundation.     

深孔绳索取心安全打捞器的研制与应用

设计了一种可适用于深孔和干孔的绳索打捞、投放内管总成工具。介绍了深孔绳索取心安全打捞器的工作原理及结构组成;对工具内部的机械控制和井下脱卡控制原理进行了研究;介绍了打捞器井下脱卡的具体方法;最后通过野外试验证实了该打捞器可以减少处理事故的时间,性能稳定,拆装、维护方便。     

用天然地震探测青藏高原中部地壳、上地幔结构

从西藏南部的定日、嘎拉至青海铜铁山的天然地震探测剖面,实际路线长约２０００ｋｍ,布设了约１１０台便携地震仪,记录了数百次远震和近震事件,采用多种方法进行了资料处理与解释．依据ＳＫＳ,ＰＫＳ,ｐｓ等横波分裂特征计算的青藏高原中部上地幔的地震各向异性表明：研究区各构造单元内的地震各向异性有明显变化,发现上地幔各向异性快速波的偏振方向与造山带的走向不完全一致．在雅江缝合线、崩错－嘉黎、唐古拉山口、昆仑山口几条断裂带处南、北各向异性出现显著的差异,而金沙江缝合线和班公－怒江缝合线的南、北则没有明显的各向异性变化．由Ｐ波走时残差,利用层析技术反演了４００ｋｍ深度内的速度图像,可以看出近地表１００ｋｍ范围内速度的不均匀变化与地表划分的构造单元很吻合,进一步佐证了青藏高原是由不同时期的微板块拼合而成的认识．在青藏高原中部１５０ｋｍ深度以下发现了多处低速区．在金沙江缝合带下方约２００ｋｍ深度处有一长２５０ｋｍ以上、延伸１５０ｋｍ的低速体,推测可能是一地幔柱．利用ＰＳ转换波划分的界面,显示出青藏高原北部具有低速层和高速层交替出现的地壳结构．