青藏高原东缘—扬子特提斯构造域深部结构与地壳形变研究

青藏高原东缘和扬子西缘的构造带是中国特提斯构造域的重要组成部分,该构造域受欧亚板块与印度板块陆—陆碰撞、高原隆升、块体裂解或拼接挤压等强烈构造活动的影响,记录和保存了多期次的特提斯构造演化历史痕迹。同时,该研究区域也是中国西部地区地壳形变最强烈的地区之一,其浅表形变特征与深部构造之间存在怎样的关联和制约机制是目前国际地球科学的一个研究热点。本研究依据作者十多年来持续在该区域开展的地质—地球物理研究,通过深部地球物理多参数结构成像、沉积盆地分析、地壳形变和强震孕育机制等综合对比分析,发现在青藏高原东缘的下地壳存在低速和高泊松比异常带,该异常体与来自青藏高原上涌的软流圈热物质汇聚,导致从扬子西缘到青藏高原的下地壳和上地幔的深部结构发生显著变化。沿着龙门山断裂带,中、下地壳存在交叠相间的低速(高泊松比)和高速(低泊松比)区域,这些深部结构分布特征与地表形变及前陆盆地隆坳格局具有较好的一致性。基于上述认识,提出了青藏高原东缘—扬子板块的深部接触模式及其相应的盆山耦合关系,阐明了板块碰撞—耦合的深部动力学过程对剧烈地壳形变、盆地隆坳格局和强震诱发的制约关系。本研究成果将为深入认识青藏高原东缘高原急剧隆升、盆地基底结构与隆拗格局,以及强烈地壳形变的深部动力学机制提供参考信息。     

基于深度学习的介形类化石识别

介形类化石对地质年代的确定、古湖泊和古海洋的研究、古环境的重建以及海底石油资源的勘探等工作都具有重要意义。然而,现有识别化石颗粒的方法费时费力,准确率也有待提高。鉴于介形类化石颗粒的类别具有科、属、种的层次结构,种类数量庞大,所以本文提出了一种层次化识别方法。首先进行目标检测,实现介形类化石的定位与属类划分;之后在目标检测模块的基础上进行智能识别,使用卷积神经网络和支持向量机提取属类下更细微的种类特征,实现化石种类划分。实验结果表明,本文提出的分层次识别模型能检测出化石图像中所有化石颗粒的位置信息并对其进行分类,分类准确率可达95%,且相较于未进行分层次识别的模型,能将识别准确率提升1.8%~5.8%。     

华夏地块中部宽频地震剖面深部速度结构研究

华夏地块处于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块相互作用的前沿。我国著名的南岭成矿带和武夷成矿带均位于华夏地块内。已有的研究认为,南岭和武夷的成矿作用可能与中生代晚期岩浆岩的底侵有关。为研究深部速度结构,本研究在2017年7月至2020年8月期间布设了一条横跨南岭成矿带与武夷成矿带的宽频地震测线。该测线共有81个流动台站组成,台站间距5-8 km,总长度约430 km。从连续波形中截取451个震级大于5.5级的远震事件波形,利用改进的互相关法直接从波形中计算得到7231条相对走时残差数据(误差小于0.1 s)。本研究采用远震走时层析成像方法反演相对走时残差数据,获得了高分辨率的速度结构。初步的成像结果表明:(1)华夏地块中部上地幔内存在一个明显的自西向东逐渐变深的低速异常体;(2)华夏地块岩石圈内速度结构具有很强的横向差异,且与断裂带分布存在一定的空间对应关系;(3)政和-大浦断裂带东侧下方200-300km处存在较明显的高速异常体。结合其它已有成果,本研究认为上地幔内的低速异常可能是上涌的软流圈热物质,抵达岩石圈底部引发岩石圈拆沉,可能继续沿深大断裂侵入地壳,形成金属矿藏;而拆沉的岩石圈冷物质下沉,所留痕迹即为软流圈内的高速异常体。     

罗布泊盐湖区深部钾盐找矿：理论、勘查、进展及前景分析

本文对近年来罗布泊深部钾盐成矿规律研究及找矿进展进行了梳理总结.将其大致归纳为"上升卤水补给"及"含水墙"等成钾理论/模式,为罗布泊后备钾资源找矿提供了新的方向和思路,预测了有利成钾靶区.建立以遥感地质解译、高精度重力剖面测量、EH4连续电导率成像以及氡气剖面测量为主的勘查技术体系,实现了盐湖区深部钾盐找矿靶区高效、经济圈定以及钻孔定位.实施深部钾盐科学钻探验证工程,揭示罗布泊深部赋存有丰富、可采的卤水钾盐资源,取得了找矿突破.罗布泊深部钾盐找矿是理论指导找矿取得突破的又一案例,其成矿理论和勘查技术体系可为其他盐湖及古代盐盆地深部卤水钾盐找矿提供借鉴和参考.鉴于罗布泊卤水钾盐的高强度开发态势以及深部找矿的良好前景,有必要进一步加强深部富钾卤水成因机理研究,重点摸清200～500 m层段资源、研发相应开采技术,为罗布泊钾盐基地可持续发展提供后备资源和技术储备.     

中国南极昆仑站深冰芯科学钻探工程进展

我国于2012年1月在南极Dome A区域正式开展实施了南极昆仑站深冰芯科学钻探工程,截至2021年,钻孔深度已达803.54 m。该工程是我国第一个深冰芯钻探工程,也是国际上第一个在Dome A地区开展的深冰芯钻探项目。本文介绍了昆仑站深冰芯科学钻探工程实施的整体情况,对过去近10年的钻探活动以及取得的成果和经验进行了总结,以期为后续的深冰芯钻探工作提供理论和经验指导。     

东海西湖井身结构深度优化技术及其应用

东海西湖地区深部地层具有研磨性强,可钻性差,机械钻速低,且存在异常高温高压等特点。通过不断探索、实践井身结构优化技术,形成了东海近几年较为固定的探井井身结构。但表层?444.5 mm井眼再加速遭遇“瓶颈”,常压深井井身结构仍有优化空间。随着东海钻井技术的不断进步及油气资源勘探开发的需求,水平井及大斜度井的数量在不断增多,而开发井?215.9 mm井眼水平段?177.8 mm尾管下入困难。因此,需要进一步对东海西湖凹陷区域井身结构进行深度优化。针对以上难点,研究形成了表层井眼尺寸优化技术、深井井身结构简化技术及开发井尾管尺寸优化技术。现场试验应用表明,钻井提速效果明显,为后续井的井身结构继续优化奠定了基础。同时也降低了深部井段复杂情况出现的概率,增大了探井套管和井眼环空间隙,为后续作业提供了便利,也为复杂地质条件下深井和超深井的井身结构的设计提供了新的思路。     

Research and application of mud proportioning optimization of slurry balance shield in mudstone and gravel composite stratum

Slurry performance is one of the key factors to maintain the stability of excavation face when slurry balance shield is tunneling in complex strata. Based on the engineering background of slurry shield tunneling in mudstone and gravel composite stratum of Nanning Metro Line 5, the control variable method and the self-made slurry shield tunneling system are adopted to compare and select the mud admixture and to analyze the influence of the admixture amount and the formation composite ratio on the slurry relative density. Then, the mud permeability law and the dynamic and static mud film forming law under different formation composite ratios, swelling water ratios and slag dosages are analyzed comprehensively by factorial design. The results show that different admixtures have significant influence on the properties of bentonite slurry. Specifically, potassium methyl silicate and potassium chloride can effectively reduce the relative density of slurry, while sodium chloride and sodium silicate can promote the disintegration of mudstone in water. In addition, the slag admixture can effectively reduce the water filtration, improving the film quality and reducing the consumption of bentonite. When the cutter head speed is less than or equal to 2.5 r/min, the formation rate of mud film is greater than or equal to the failure rate so as to ensure the stability of driving face. The mud swelling water ratio suitable for mudstone and gravel composite stratum (composite ratio: 0?1) is 0.1?0.20, the residue content is 100?200 g/kg, and the potassium methyl silicate is 3.75%?7.50%.     

深海采矿锰结核泵的试验研究

锰结核泵是深海采矿扬矿系统中的关键设备,为了研究泵结核矿浆工作性能,在实验室构建了一套高30 m、内径204 mm,可提供最大管网阻力2.5 MPa的泵矿浆性能试验系统,采用不同模拟结核粒径进行了泵矿浆工作特性试验。试验结果表明,锰结核泵基本上达到了预期设计指标,分析了模拟结核粒径d≤50 mm矿浆回流试验泵流道堵塞的原因,初步讨论了锰结核泵的环形格栅通道和泵流道问题,可作为我国中试多级锰结核泵的设计依据。     

Mixing of A Non-Circular Jet into A Counterflow

An elliptic jet and a square jet flowing into a counterflow with different jet-to-current velocity ratios are investigated by using realizable k–ε model. Some computed mean velocity and scalar features agree reasonably well with experimental measurements, and more features are obtained by analyzing the computed results. After fluid issues from a nozzle, it entrains ambient fluid, and its velocity and concentration on the centerline decay with the distance downstream from the potential core (l0). The decay ratio increases with the decreasing jet-to-current velocity ratio α. For an elliptic jet, the evolution of the excess velocity half-width b and the concentration half-width bc merely remains constant near the jet exit on major-axis plane while they increase linearly on the minor-axis plane. However, the half-widths on the major-axis and minor-axis plane become proportional to the axial distance downstream after equaling each other. For a square jet, b and bc increase linearly with the distance downstream from the jet exit, but the spread ratio is larger on the middle plane than that on the diagonal plane before they equal each other. The radial extent of the dividing streamline rs or the mixing boundary rsc increases linearly downstream, and decreases exponentially after reaching a peak at xb. The ratio on the minor-axis plane is larger than that on the major-axis plane for an elliptic jet. The characteristics are the same for the square jet. b, bc, rs, and rsc on two corresponding planes become equal to each other more rapidly for the square jet than for the elliptic jet, because the sharp corner of the square nozzle induces secondary structures that are more intense. The distributions of the excess axial velocity and scalar concentration exhibit self-similarity for either the elliptic jet or square jet in the region of l0 < x < xb. On the cross section, four counter-rotating pairs of vortices, which enhance the entrainment between the jet and counterflow, form at the four corners of the square jet or at the two ends of the major-axis plane of the elliptic jet. The recirculation pattern formed by these axial vortices is more complex for the square jet than that for the elliptic jet. The turbulent kinetic energy k have large value in the region near the jet exit and stagnation point. The maximum value of k for the square jet is larger than that of the elliptic jet near the jet exit. This results in the square jet mixing more strongly than the elliptic jet.