Modelling and inversion of single-ended refraction data from the shot gathers of multifold deep seismic reflection profiling—an approach for deriving the shallow velocity structure

A multifold crustal-scale deep seismic near-vertical reflection profile generates a large number of single-ended shot gathers, which provide redundant data sets because of overlapping coverage of the shallow refractors. We present an approach for deriving the shallow velocity structure by modelling and inversion of single-ended seismic refraction first arrival traveltime data. We apply this method to a data set acquired with a 12-km long spread with 100 m spacing of shots and receivers, of the Neoproterozoic Marwar basin in the NW Indian shield. The approach is shown to be quite successful for delineating the shallow refractor depths, steep dips and velocities, even in the absence of regular reverse refraction profiles. The study reveals two-layered sedimentary formations, Malani volcanics and a complicated basement configuration of the Marwar basin, and provides a measure of resolution and uncertainty of the estimated model parameters. A seismic section of the near-trace gather is found to be qualitatively consistent with the derived structural features of the basin. The relative highs and lows, observed in the Bouguer gravity profile, further corroborate the derived velocity model. The present approach can be especially useful in offshore areas and elsewhere, where the single-ended multifold seismic profiles are the only available data sets.     

Modeling doline populations with logistic growth functions

Initiation and evolution of a large karst depression population consisting of parent and daughter dolines were spatially and temporally modeled using logistic growth functions. Logistic growth models are well suited for analyzing doline population initiation and evolution because they reflect the density‐dependent growth mechanisms present in the evolution of karst depressions. Seven assumptions based upon previous studies were refined into mathematical statements and tested using more than 2000 dolines from a subpopulation of both parent and daughter karst depressions on the Western Highland Rim and Pennyroyal Plain of Tennessee and Kentucky. Logistic growth models quantify the initiation and evolution of doline populations and interface well with recent models describing the evolution of three‐dimensional conduit systems. Logistic growth models should apply to modeling other doline populations in karst terranes with hydraulically efficient, three‐dimensional conduit systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The deep-lake deposit in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, China and its significance for oil-gas accumulation

The deep-lake facies of the Yanchang Formation represents a large outflowing lake basin in the Ordos area. Its deposition can be divided into four stages lake genetic and expanding stage, peak stage, inversion stage and dying stage. All the stages are obviously consistent with the evolution of depositional environment and the paleoclimate in the region. The study indicates that the lake basin has evolution fluctuations from highstand to lowstand for four times in its evolution history, and the deposition center of the lake has not obviously moved, staying along the Huachi-Yijun belt. The deep lake sedimentary system mainly consists of deep water deltas and turbidite fans during the entire evolution course of the lake basin in the Late Triassic. The former mainly developed on the slope of steep shore of the delta in the early period of the deep-water expansion and gradually experienced a big shift from deep-water deltas to shallow-water platform delta. And the latter appeared almost in all the above stages and had two types of turbidite fans, slope-moving turbidite fans and slump turbidite fans. The slope-moving turbidite fans have relatively complete facies belts overlapping one another vertically and consist of the slope channel of inter fans, the turbidite channel, inter turbidite channel and turbidite channel front of middle fans and outer fans (or lakebottom plain). However, the slide-moving turbidity fans are formed in the deep lake with their microfacies difficult to be distinguished, and only the center microfacies and edge microfacies can be determined. The two types of the turbidity fans are similarly distributing in the near-root-slope and far-root-slope regions. The deep-lake deposition governs the distribution of the hydrocarbon and reservoir, while the slope-moving turbidite fans are excellent reservoirs for oil-gas exploration due to their great thickness, widespread distribution and accumulation properties.     

中纬度夏季一次深厚对流过程的数值模拟研究:高空热力层结和风切变影响

针对一次发生在中纬度夏季的深厚对流过程进行的数值模拟研究的结果,引入一个较详细描述深厚对流状态下云微物理过程的参数化方案,对一个有限差分三维非静力弹性大气数值模式进行了改进.数值模拟得到了与天气雷达观测一致的结果.结果还显示,对于这次穿透高度超过了对流层顶的深厚对流过程,与高空斜压扰动有关的上对流层弱稳定热力层结对系统的维持起到了重要的作用.另外,还发现强烈的对流发展到对流层顶的高度时,受上曳体的驱动,在对流层顶附近的稳定层结中产生浮力性的扰动;它们与风切变相结合,进而对系统的水平移动产生控制作用.     

贵州高原喀斯特景观及其旅游形象

本文通过贵州喀斯特旅游景观类型、特点及优势分析，提出高原、峡谷、峰林、峰丛、瀑布、溶洞是贵州最有代表性的喀斯特景观，它们在空间结上层次丰富的组合，即构成贵州高原绚丽多姿的喀斯特旅游形象，从而展示出贵州喀斯特旅游资源开发的巨大潜力和良好前景。     

高压旋喷技术在基坑护壁与止水工程中的应用

长沙天都大厦工程围护墙先后采用2套方案施工,实践证明,采用高压旋喷单管双液分喷法具有设备简单;投资少;操作容易,施工速度快;桩间搭接严密,固结体强度高;适用范围广等优点,尤其在处理软弱地基、基坑支护和止水工程中显示出有效性、可靠性和优越性。该方法再经进一步完善,将具广阔的推广前景。     

深埋隧道外水压力计算的解析-数值法

在高水头富水区，抗水压衬砌设计的关键在于外水压力的计算。深埋隧道排水时，沿轴线方向上流入隧道的水量来自于隧道掌子面的前方，当隧道施工足够长度后，可以认为已施工断面的地下水只从隧道两侧向断面内运动，此时可将三维问题处理为二维。对于深埋隧道，当其断面远小于水头时，可处理为一个点井；隧道全断面排水时，隧道断面线可处理为定流量边界。首先建立隧道排水的水文地质概念模型，采和经验解析法预测隧道的涌水量，然后将涌水量代入隧道围岩渗流的剖面二维模型，模拟隧道排水时围岩渗流场的分布，再采用作用系数的方法计算出隧道衬砌的外水压力。     

煤矿立井非采动破裂工程地质勘察方法

深厚表土中煤矿立井非采动破裂是一种新的矿井地质灾害。以往的煤田地质勘探工作没有涉及该问题。本文建议立井破裂工程地质勘察可划分为初步勘察和详细勘察两阶段，提出了各阶段应包含的具体工作内容和工作方法；特别是提出要进行模拟土与井壁相互作用试验，获得不同埋深土层与井壁相互作用的力学参数；提出在勘探阶段判断厚表土层中煤矿立井非采动破裂的系统工作方法。最后给出了一勘察分析实例。