Strain analysis of a seismically imaged mass‐transport complex,offshore Uruguay

Strain style, magnitude and distribution within mass‐transport complexes (MTCs) are important for understanding the process evolution of submarine mass flows and for estimating their runout distances. Structural restoration and quantification of strain in gravitationally driven passive margins have been shown to approximately balance between updip extensional and downdip contractional domains; such an exercise has not yet been attempted for MTCs. We here interpret and structurally restore a shallowly buried (c. 1,500 mbsf) and well‐imaged MTC, offshore Uruguay using a high‐resolution (12.5 m vertical and 15 × 12.5 m horizontal resolution) three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection survey. This allows us to characterise and quantify vertical and lateral strain distribution within the deposit. Detailed seismic mapping and attribute analysis shows that the MTC is characterised by a complicated array of kinematic indicators, which vary spatially in style and concentration. Seismic‐attribute extractions reveal several previously undocumented fabrics preserved in the MTC, including internal shearing in the form of sub‐orthogonal shear zones, and fold‐thrust systems within the basal shear zone beneath rafted‐blocks. These features suggest multiple transport directions and phases of flow during emplacement. The MTC is characterised by a broadly tripartite strain distribution, with extensional (e.g. normal faults), translational and contractional (e.g. folds and thrusts) domains, along with a radial frontally emergent zone. We also show how strain is preferentially concentrated around intra‐MTC rafted‐blocks due to their kinematic interactions with the underlying basal shear zone. Overall, and even when volume loss within the frontally emergent zone is included, a strain difference between extension (1.6–1.9 km) and contraction (6.7–7.3 km) is calculated. We attribute this to a combination of distributed, sub‐seismic, ‘cryptic’ strain, likely related to de‐watering, grain‐scale deformation and related changes in bulk sediment volume. This work has implications for assessing MTCs strain distribution and provides a practical approach for evaluating structural interpretations within such deposits.     

深水等深流沉积中记录的米兰科维奇特性——以陕西富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组为例

陕西富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组为深水盆地边缘至深水斜坡沉积环境,发育深水原地沉积、等深流沉积及重力流沉积。以野外实测剖面、岩相特征等资料为基础,结合米兰科维奇理论、天文地层学、古海洋学以及古气候学,系统研究该地区等深流强度与古气候、海平面、古盐度的关系。结果表明:Fischer图解可以客观、准确地反映深水沉积地层相对海平面变化;深水沉积及等深流沉积中不同级次旋回垂向组合关系记录了米兰科维奇特性,即小级别旋回在垂向上有序地按照1∶4或者1∶5的形式叠加构成较大级别旋回;等深流强度受米兰科维奇旋回影响,呈多周期弱→强→弱递变;等深流强化周期约为0.1Ma。     

Bathymetry,substrate and fishing areas of Southeast Atlantic high-seas seamounts

Most of the Southeast Atlantic Ocean is abyssal, and global bathymetries suggest that only ～3.2% of the areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ; also known as the high seas, as defined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea [UNCLOS]) are shallower than 2 500 m. This study mapped bathymetry and characterised substrates in selected seamount summit areas, including several that have been or may become fishing areas. The southernmost location, the Schmitt-Ott Seamount, has exposed volcanic bedrock with surrounding flats covered by thin biogenic sediments and/or coral rubble that appears ancient. At Wüst, Vema, Valdivia and Ewing seamounts the basaltic base appears to be overlain by coral caps and other coral substrates (sheets, rubble). Adjacent summit plains have biogenic sediments of varying thickness. Vema has a flat, roughly circular summit, <100 m deep, with the shallowest point being a 22-m-deep summit knoll; the upper slopes have ancient coral framework, but the summit has a mixture of coralline and volcanic rock and coarse sediments, including extensive areas with coralline algae and kelp forests. Valdivia Bank is a 230-m-deep, flat, rocky area (～11 × 5 km), protruding steeply from the extensive multi-summit Valdivia subarea of the Walvis Ridge. The distribution of past fisheries in the Convention Area of the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO) was considered in relation to the new information on bathymetry and substrate.     

典型喀斯特城市的热岛时空变化及其成因分析

利用1989、2003、2018年的Landsat影像对安顺市西秀区的地表温度进行反演,分析研究区在30年发展中的热岛时空变化及其成因。使用基于影像的反演算法,结合分类回归树算法进行地表温度的反演,用气象站数据对反演结果进行精度验证,并建立缓冲区对研究区进行相关性分析等定量分析。结果表明：研究区受喀斯特地貌的影响,除主城区外,郊区也存在大量高温区;近30年研究区热效应与不透水面、绿地的面积有极显著相关;1989-2003年研究区城市热岛面积随城市扩张逐渐增大,但2018年主城区城市热岛现象几乎完全消失,排除气象因素和城市形态因子影响的可能后,发现这与安顺市城市绿化的大力进行有密切关系。     

结合深度学习和图割法的遥感影像建筑物检测

提出一种基于卷积神经网络和图割法的自动提取高分影像建筑物的方法。首先,通过卷积神经网络定位与检测建筑物的位置,逐一提取单个建筑物轮廓,利用检测结果分别建立建筑物和非建筑物的高斯混合模型（GMM）,然后结合最大流最小割的图像分割方式实现全局优化,完成建筑物初步提取,最后用形态学进行优化。通过试验证明了该方法的可行性。     

深度学习GoogleNet模型支持下的中分辨率遥感影像自动分类

提出了一种基于深度学习技术的遥感分类方法,它能有效解决中分辨率影像在分类过程中出现的像元混分问题。研究选用2016年5月12日武汉市Landsat 7 ETM+遥感影像,基于GoogleNet模型中的Inception V3网络结构,借助迁移学习方法,构建出遥感分类模型,实现了对武汉市主城区4类典型地物（不透水层、植被、水体和其他用地）的自动分类提取,并将分类结果与传统最大似然分类（ML）结果进行了对比分析。研究表明：基于深度学习方法的遥感影像总体分类精度高达88.33%,Kappa系数为0.834 2,明显优于传统ML方法总体分类精度83%和Kappa系数0.755 0,而且有效抑制了地物在分类过程中出现的像元混分现象。     

高分辨率光学遥感场景分类的深度度量学习方法

针对高分辨率光学遥感影像场景具有同类型内部差异大、不同类型间相似度高导致部分场景识别困难的问题,本文提出了一种深度度量学习方法。首先在深度学习模型的特征输出层上为每类预设聚类中心,其次基于欧氏距离方法设计均值中心度量损失项,最后联合交叉熵损失项以及权重与偏置正则项构成模型的损失函数。该方法的目标是在特征空间上使同类型特征聚集并扩大类型间的距离以提高分类准确率。试验结果表明,本文方法有效地提升了分类准确率。在RSSCN7、UC Merced和NWPU-RESISC45数据集上,与现有方法相比,分类准确率分别提高了1.46%、1.09%和2.51%。     

基于地理探测器的喀斯特不同地貌形态类型区土壤侵蚀定量归因（英文）

The formation mechanism and influencing factors identification of soil erosion are the core and frontier issues of current research. However, studies on the multi-factor synthesis are still relatively lacked. In this study, the simulation of soil erosion and its quantitative attribution analysis have been conducted in different geomorphological types in a typical karst basin based on the RUSLE model and the geodetector method. The influencing factors, such as land use type, slope, rainfall, elevation, lithology and vegetation cover, have been taken into consideration. Results show that the strength of association between the six influencing factors and soil erosion was notably different in diverse geomorphological types. Land use type and slope were the dominant factors of soil erosion in the Sancha River Basin, especially for land use type whose power of determinant(q value) for soil erosion was much higher than other factors. The q value of slope declined with the increase of relief in mountainous areas, namely it was ranked as follows: middle elevation hill> small relief mountain> middle relief mountain. Multi-factors interactions were proven to significantly strengthen soil erosion, particularly for the combination of land use type with slope, which can explain 70% of soil erosion distribution. It can be found that soil erosion in the same land use type with different slopes(such as dry land with slopes of 5° and above 25°) or in the diverse land use types with the same slope(such as dry land and forest with a slope of 5°), varied much. These indicate that prohibiting steep slope cultivation and Grain for Green Project are reasonable measures to control soil erosion in karst areas. Based on statistics of soil erosion difference between diverse stratifications of each influencing factor, results of risk detector suggest that the amount of stratification combinations with significant difference accounted for 55% at least in small relief mountain and middle relief mountainous areas. Therefore, the spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion and its influencing factors in different geomorphological types should be investigated to control karst soil loss more effectively.     

Simulating runoff generation and its spatial correlation with environmental factors in Sancha River Basin: The southern source of the Wujiang River

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Runoff generation is an important part of water retention service, and also plays an important role on soil and water retention. Under the background of the...     

西太平洋马里亚纳海沟附近海山的金相柳珊瑚属(珊瑚虫纲:软珊瑚目:金柳珊瑚科)二新记录种

为探究热带西太平洋海山生物多样性,2016年利用"发现"号遥控无人潜水器(ROV)对西太平洋马里亚纳海沟附近的M2海山进行了采样调查,其中获得了3个深水金相柳珊瑚样本。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,鉴定其为黑发金相柳珊瑚Metallogorgia melanotrichos(WrightStuder,1889)和长刺金相柳珊瑚Metallogorgia macrospina Kükenthal,1919。这两种金相柳珊瑚均为该区域的新记录种,对其作了详细的形态描述,并依据特征性状对该属所有物种作了分类检索。