Visualization of material stiffness in geomechanics analysis

This paper presents novel visualization techniques to simplify representation of the fourth‐order material stiffness tensor as a set of three‐dimensional geometric objects. Stiffness visualization aids in understanding the complex stiffness characteristics of highly non‐linear constitutive models including modelled material anisotropy and loading path dependent stiffness variation. Stiffness visualization is relevant for understanding the relationship of material stiffness to global behaviour in the analysis of a boundary value problem. The spherical pulse stiffness visualization method, developed in the acoustics field, is extended to visualize stiffness of geomaterials using three three‐dimensional objects. This method is limited to relatively simple constitutive models with symmetric stiffness matrices insensitive to loading magnitude and direction. A strain dependent stiffness visualization method is developed that allows the examination of material stiffness for a range of loading directions and is suitable for highly non‐linear and path dependent material models. The proposed stiffness visualization can be represented as 3‐D, 2‐D and 1‐D objects. The visualization technique is used to represent material stiffness and its evolution during simulated soil laboratory tests and deep excavation construction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河三角洲地区地热资源及其开发利用前景初析

黄河三角洲地区蕴含着丰富的中低温地热,为2000m以浅经济型地热资源,经计算,全区地热资源总量折合标准煤相当于125×10~8t,其中仅地下热水总储存量就达到4570×10~8 m~3,可开采储量超过750×10~8 m~3,至少可以开采100a。如果形成以东营、河口、孤岛、广饶为中心的4个大面积系统的开发利用体系,并注重地热资源的综合利用和梯级利用,对于缓解能源紧张、促进经济的可持续发展等方面具有重要的意义。     

河南省西峡北部金矿分布特征浅析

从剪切带及原岩建造分析入手，论述了工作区内金矿的分布特征和主要控矿因素。区内的金矿床（点）无论其物质来源和时代如何，就其空间位置而言绝大多数金矿直接产在剪切变形变质带─—脆性及脆－韧性剪切带中。Ｆｅ／（Ｆｅ＋Ｍｇ）高比值的容矿岩石有利于金的沉淀富集。     

R134a理想朗肯循环性能计算及分析

根据国外最新实验资料，经过理论分析和计算机绘图，给出了R134a的制冷及热泵理想朗肯循环性能计算的公式及结果，以及压力比、单位制冷量及热力性能系数对蒸发温度和冷凝温度的关系曲线图，并对其进行了分析。可供设计和研究采用这种工质的制冷设备和热泵时参考。     

Parameters affect foaming and foam stability during foam drilling

The authors presented indoor practice experiments of parameters affect on foaming and foam stability. Experiments were carried out and special equipments were used to determine foaming and foam stability; tests were tabulated and charted. The effects of chemical and physical parameters on foaming and foam stability have been conducted.     

Structurally controlled fluid flow associated with breccia vein formation

A breccia vein sampled from a shear zone in greenschist facies metapelites at Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia, shows a systematic variation in vein geometry that is related to the geometry of folding and faulting within the sample. Calcite vein-fill is coarse grained and equigranular, suggesting precipitation in a fluid-filled space. Partially folded veins suggest that veining occurred during folding and faulting. The breccia vein contains a central zone in which dilation has occurred simultaneously in all directions in the plane of section, implying that this was a zone of high fluid pressure and nearly isostatic differential stress during folding and faulting. From these observations, it can be inferred that the breccia vein was a zone of high permeability and a likely fluid channel during deformation. This hypothesis was tested by stable isotope analysis of veins and host rocks. The calcite veins have δ¹³C values of -11.1 ± 0.1% and δ¹⁸O values of 6-10%_o, whereas the host metapelite has δ¹³C values of -10.62 and -10.11% and δ¹⁸O values of 14-15%_o. These values are consistent with an igneous-derived, H₂O-dominated fluid that exchanged little oxygen with the host rocks, but derived much of its carbon from the wall rock. The isotopic disequilibrium between the veins and the wall rock confirms that the fluid was externally derived, and that the breccia vein acted as a channel for large-volume fluid flow within the shear zone.     

解流体动力弥散问题的等参数溶质质量均衡有限元法

本文根据流体动力弥散理论,按照地下水中溶质局部质量守恒原理,采用非线性基函数,导出了求解流体动力弥散问题的一种新的数值法,即等参数溶质质量均衡有限元法。该法与采用同样非线性基函数的等参数里茨(Ritz)法或伽辽全法相比,具有物理意义明确、能准确反映局部质量均衡关系、计算公式简单和易于应用等优点。     

Stabilization of Bottom Hole Temperature With Finite Circulation Time and Fluid Flow

As an alternative to finite element or finite difference modelling, analytical solutions are derived by the method of Laplace transformation and numerical results obtained for several models of the bottom hole temperature stabilization. Included in the models are the finite circulation time, the thermal property contrast between the borehole mud and the surrounding formation, and the presence of radial or lateral fluid flow in the formation, all of which are found to have significant effects on the dissipation of the thermal disturbance induced by drilling.
The mud circulation is considered to have the effect of either maintaining the borehole mud at a constant temperature or supplying a constant amount of heat per unit length per unit time to the borehole. For small circulation times, the former reduces to the 'zero circulation' model in which the mud circulation creates an instantaneous temperature anomaly at the hole bottom; for small borehole radii, the latter reduces to the line source model and the traditional 'Homer plot'.
For typical drilling operations in which the bottom hole temperatures are measured several hours to several tens of hours after the hole is shut in, the new models generally predict higher equilibrium formation temperatures than does the Horner plot. However, predictions from the various models converge if the BHTs are taken after the hole has been shut in for a period which is greater than about five times the circulation period.     

Crustal growth in south-eastern Australia—evidence from lower crustal eclogitic and granulitic xenoliths

Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths in a basaltic cone at The Anakies in south-eastern Australia are geochemically equivalent to continental basaltic magmas and cumulates. The xenolith microstructures range from recognizably meta-igneous for intrusive rocks to granoblastic for garnet pyroxenites. Contact relationships between different rock types within some xenoliths suggest a complex petrogenesis of multiple intrusive, metamorphic and metasomatic events at the crust/mantle boundary during the evolution of south-eastern Australia. Unaltered spinel lher-zolite, typical of the uppermost eastern Australian mantle, is interleaved with or veined by the metamorphosed intrusive rocks of basaltic composition. Geothermobarometry calculations by a variety of methods show a concordance of equilibration temperatures ranging from 880°C to 980°C and pressures of 12 to 18 kbar (1200-1800 mPa). These physical conditions span the gabbro to granulite to eclogite transition boundaries. The water-vapour pressure during equilibration is estimated to be about 0.5% of the load pressure, using amphibole breakdown data. Large fluid inclusions of pure CO₂ are abundant in the mineral phases in the xenoliths, and it is suggested that flux of CO₂ from the mantle has been an important heat source and fluid medium during metamorphism of the mafic and ultramafic protoliths at the lower crust/upper mantle boundary. The calculated pressures and temperatures suggest that the south-eastern Australian crust has sustained a high geothermal gradient. In addition, the nature of the mineral assemblages and the contact relationships of granulitic rock with spinel lherzolite, characteristic of mantle material, suggest that the Moho is not a discrete feature in this region, but is represented by a transition zone approximately 20 km thick. These inferences are in agreement with geophysical data (including seismic, heat-flow and electrical resistivity data) determined for south-eastern Australia. Underplating at the crust/mantle boundary by continental basaltic magmas may be an important alternative or additional mechanism to the conventional andesite model for crustal accretion.     

The radial structure of hot one-temperature accretion flows with advection

Considering nonthermal e^±-pair production, this paper is focused on the radial structure of hot one-temperature accretion flows with advection under the condition of small viscous parameter ( = 0.1) and low mass-accretion rates. Self-similar relations of hot flow with advection have been adopted. The authors have used a scheme, in which the two regions of accretion flow are calculated separately and then joined together. Some typical features of hot flow with advection have been confirmed, and several new results obtained: there exists a critical radius r_cr; the local cooling rate is inversely proportional to the square of the mass of the central object; the e^±-pair process affects significantly the radiation of hot flows with advection.