深部探测揭示壳幔结构及其资源能源效应——“中国大陆典型地区深部地质调查”专辑特邀主编寄语

地球深部结构变化、物质以及能量交换等地球动力学过程,是地球系统最主要的动力来源,诱发地表地貌变化、剥蚀、沉积作用和环境变迁,以及地震、滑坡等自然灾害,控制化石能源和地热等自然资源的分布,是理解成山、成盆、成岩、成矿、成藏和致灾等过程成因机制的核心。为探索中国大陆深部结构和资源能源效应,在党中央“向地球深部进军”的号召下,中国地质调查局于2016年开始设立了深部地质调查工程。工程以抢占大陆基础地质研究国际制高点,引领深部地质研究前沿为宗旨,选择我国资源、能源重要基地,重大地质边界和关键构造单元,开展了地球物理为主的深部探测和综合研究。获取了华南陆块等重要地质单元岩石圈精细结构,研究了班公湖—怒江缝合带重大地质边界性质及空间展布,在松辽盆地、西北盆山结合带等地发现和提取了一批与深部成矿、成藏和清洁能源有关信息。为进一步推动地质调查向深部进军,促进从二维地表地质调查到三维空间地质调查的转变,《地球学报》组织了“中国大陆典型地区深部地质调查”专辑。本专辑集中报道了深部地质调查近三年取得的部分阶段性进展和成果,主要聚焦深部地质调查在揭示地球深部结构,及其对浅部构造和资源能源的控制,服务地球深部探...     

西秦岭甘南地区上二叠统毛毛隆组古环境演变:基于遗迹网络分析

西秦岭地区是二叠系—三叠系之交深水相保存较为连续的地区,西秦岭甘南地区上二叠统毛毛隆组发育丰富的遗迹化石(12属17种)。遗迹网络分析作为新兴的研究方法,侧重于用相互连接的遗迹分类群来重建遗迹群落系统,这为研究遗迹群落的行为学和生态学提供了丰富的手段。笔者以西秦岭甘南地区上二叠统毛毛隆组发现的遗迹化石为数据源,运用遗迹网络分析方法,揭示出毛毛隆组遗迹群落具结构化特征,遗迹群落体现出环境驱动的遗迹组合面貌特征: Palaeophycus-Lockeia-Arenicolites-Dictyodora-Planolites-Protovirgularia-Chondrites组合(C1,近源浊流区),Palaeophycus-Lockeia-Arenicolites-Dictyodora-Protovirgularia-Phycodes-Chondrites-Helminthopsis组合(C2,浊流过渡区—浊流远源区),和Palaeophycus-Nereites-Scolicia-Protovirgularia-Helminthopsis组合(C3,远源浊流区)。该遗迹群落由C1演变至C3的过程,揭示了古环境从近源浊流区至远源浊流区的演变历程。     

Fault Systems and their Control of Deep Gas Accumulations in Xujiaweizi Area

A study of faults and their control of deep gas accumulations has been made on the basis of dividing fault systems in the Xujiaweizi area. The study indicates two sets of fault systems are developed vertically in the Xujiaweizi area, including a lower fault system and an upper fault system. Formed in the period of the Huoshiling Formation to Yingcheng Formation, the lower fault system consists of five fault systems including Xuxi strike-slip extensional fault system, NE-trending extensional fault system, near-EW-trending regulating fault system, Xuzhong strike-slip fault system and Xudong strike-slip fault system. Formed in the period of Qingshankou Formation to Yaojia Formation, the upper fault system was affected mainly by the boundary conditions of the lower fault system, and thus plenty of multi-directionally distributed dense fault zones were formed in the T2 reflection horizon. The Xuxi fault controlled the formation and distribution of Shahezi coal-measure source rocks, and Xuzhong and Xudong faults controlled the formation and distribution of volcanic reservoirs of Y1 Member and Y3 Member, respectively. In the forming period of the upper fault system, the Xuzhong fault was of successive strong activities and directly connected gas source rock reservoirs and volcanic reservoirs, so it is a strongly-charged direct gas source fault. The volcanic reservoir development zones of good physical properties that may be found near the Xuzhong fault are the favorable target zones for the next exploration of deep gas accumulations in Xujiaweizi area.     

贵州省地热深井开放式思维高质量成井综合技术

贵州省深部地热钻井开发,目前仍然是坚持只针对性钻取地质论证所确定深部目的层（主要位于2000~3500m深度之间）的传统做法。受贵州省地质结构复杂和地球物理成果解释水平双重影响,在这个深度上,钻井实际揭露的地层、水文结果往往跟论证预测情况差别巨大,因此,地热深井失败率较高。地热深井成本高昂,失败时损失严重,所以亟需研究新的成井方式。通过实践,打破传统思维藩篱,总结出“开放式思维高质量成井综合技术”,该技术是将全井作为综合系统考虑,从施工前到施工全过程,充分分析全井所有可能的有利层位,通过预留上部层位、分段固井、射孔放水、注酸洗井、压裂以及深部循环取热等多种方式进行全井地热水的综合利用,达到提高成井率的效果。研究成果对于喀斯特地区地热新能源钻探开发具有重要借鉴作用。     

深部咸水层二氧化碳地质储存场地选址储盖层评价

深部咸水层CO2地质储存属于环保型工程项目,开展地质评价来确定良好的储盖层是实现CO2地质储存长期、有效、安全封存的首要前提。储层地质评价内容主要包括储层的物理性质及其注入能力等;盖层地质评价内容主要包括盖层发育特征及封闭能力等。在规划选址到工程选址的不同阶段,储盖层评价的内容和对象应根据不同阶段的目的依次提高精度和量化程度。通过国内深部咸水层CO2地质储存工程场地选址阶段划分,结合储盖层地质评价的主要内容,初步建立了储盖层适宜性评价指标及其分级标准,对国内深部咸水层CO2地质储存工程场地选址中的储盖层地质评价及适宜性评价工作具有一定的指导意义。     

从藏南陆-陆碰撞带深部结构构造演化探讨斑岩铜矿的成岩成矿问题

本文以INDEPTH项目对印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞带深部成像结果为基础,从构造演化角度探讨藏南陆-陆碰撞带冈底斯斑岩铜矿带的成矿作用问题。深部探测给出的碰撞带深部结构与侯增谦等地质学家提出的深部结构有较大的异同,如何协调起来以深化对藏南陆-陆碰撞条件下成矿作用的认识,这是本文讨论的中心。藏南碰撞带成矿实际上是在新特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲形成的冈底斯岩浆弧成矿作用的基础上,再经过陆-陆碰撞挤压强烈改造后的再成矿。碰撞带的深部结构构造演化的特点是:(1)新特提斯大洋岩石圈板块向北连续俯冲了约120 Ma,形成的冈底斯陆缘火山岩浆弧带,这导致了陆缘带地壳增厚并含有大量的地幔岩浆流体物质(如南美安第斯成矿带那样);(2)在印度大陆与冈底斯陆缘弧接近碰撞时,在对挤中新特提斯大洋洋壳与大洋岩石圈地幔发生向上挤出与向下拆沉,并使部分洋壳残片和大洋岩石圈物质保存在中上地壳内;(3)两大陆岩石圈碰撞对接后,印度岩石圈地幔加深达70~80 km并沿地壳底部向北推进,并将加厚地壳内大量的成矿物质、钙碱性岩浆,洋壳及新生的下地壳,以及部分地幔物质从地壳底部将其围限起来,成为后期再成矿的物质基础;(4)查明了碰撞带深部壳/幔间产生了一层中间速度层(相当于MASH层),在中上地壳部位出现一层巨大的部分熔融层;(5)在碰撞挤压下冈底斯带内产生多组断裂构造,大型逆冲断裂系与背冲断裂,并引发了含矿岩浆的再活动,并在浮力(下地壳内)和挤压力作用下多次活动上升生成斑岩型铜矿床;(6)成矿后地表遭受过强烈的风化剥蚀作用,使矿床出露地表。     

降雨量、土壤蓄水量对流动沙地土壤水分深层渗漏的影响

土壤水分深层渗漏是陆地近地层水分循环的重要环节。利用土壤水分深层渗漏记录仪对毛乌素沙地典型流动沙丘不同深度土层的土壤渗漏水量连续进行两年定点监测。结果表明：（1）2016年生长季（4月1日至10月31日）降水量为2017年的1.93倍,但50、100、200 cm沙层的渗漏水量分别是2017年同期的4.53、5.53,5.22倍。同时,渗漏水量与降雨量及土壤蓄水量的波峰较一致。（2）强降雨对深层渗漏水量的影响较大,土壤蓄水量的变化也与深层渗漏水量密切相关;降雨量较小时,土壤蓄水量与深层渗漏水量之间的关系更为密切。在连续降雨过程中,越往深处,渗漏的产生通常是多次降雨过程累积的结果,将土壤蓄水量作为中间变量,能更好地分析土壤深层渗漏过程。（3）当天蓄水量与次日渗漏水量的相关系数较高,土层越深,深层渗漏水量与土壤蓄水量的相关系数增加,二者之间的线性拟合的R²也相应增加。     

激光跟踪仪在核电站主管道安装中的应用

目前,核电站的主管道焊接越来越多的采用了自动焊技术,这有利于提高焊接质量效率,还可以压缩建设成本。然而,主管道自动焊对焊缝的限差较现有工艺要求更高,高精度的测量是实现主管道自动焊的必要条件之一。本文针对主管道自动焊管口组队高精度的技术要求,提出采用激光跟踪仪对主管道自动焊相关的设备进行更为精密的三维工业测量,通过理论技术评定测量精度,然后选择测量仪器和编制具体的测量方案,最终保证了主管道自动焊精确组对的实现。     

城市隐蔽管线多源探查方法

城市地下管线对城市的正常运转发挥了重要作用。隐蔽管线是城市地下管网的重要组成部分。本文根据莱州市城市隐蔽管线探查的特点,探讨了多源探查方法的理念及其在莱州市地下管线探查中的应用,并对其地下管线探测精度进行了验证。     

Strain analysis of a seismically imaged mass‐transport complex,offshore Uruguay

Strain style, magnitude and distribution within mass‐transport complexes (MTCs) are important for understanding the process evolution of submarine mass flows and for estimating their runout distances. Structural restoration and quantification of strain in gravitationally driven passive margins have been shown to approximately balance between updip extensional and downdip contractional domains; such an exercise has not yet been attempted for MTCs. We here interpret and structurally restore a shallowly buried (c. 1,500 mbsf) and well‐imaged MTC, offshore Uruguay using a high‐resolution (12.5 m vertical and 15 × 12.5 m horizontal resolution) three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection survey. This allows us to characterise and quantify vertical and lateral strain distribution within the deposit. Detailed seismic mapping and attribute analysis shows that the MTC is characterised by a complicated array of kinematic indicators, which vary spatially in style and concentration. Seismic‐attribute extractions reveal several previously undocumented fabrics preserved in the MTC, including internal shearing in the form of sub‐orthogonal shear zones, and fold‐thrust systems within the basal shear zone beneath rafted‐blocks. These features suggest multiple transport directions and phases of flow during emplacement. The MTC is characterised by a broadly tripartite strain distribution, with extensional (e.g. normal faults), translational and contractional (e.g. folds and thrusts) domains, along with a radial frontally emergent zone. We also show how strain is preferentially concentrated around intra‐MTC rafted‐blocks due to their kinematic interactions with the underlying basal shear zone. Overall, and even when volume loss within the frontally emergent zone is included, a strain difference between extension (1.6–1.9 km) and contraction (6.7–7.3 km) is calculated. We attribute this to a combination of distributed, sub‐seismic, ‘cryptic’ strain, likely related to de‐watering, grain‐scale deformation and related changes in bulk sediment volume. This work has implications for assessing MTCs strain distribution and provides a practical approach for evaluating structural interpretations within such deposits.