中国南水北调工程进展综述

论述南水北调工程的调水背景、工程规划、工程特征、环境影响与生态环境保护及其工程综合效益。     

Facies of slurry-flow deposits, Britannia Formation (Lower Cretaceous), North Sea: implications for flow evolution and deposit geometry

ABSTRACT Mud‐rich sandstone beds in the Lower Cretaceous Britannia Formation, UK North Sea, were deposited by sediment flows transitional between debris flows and turbidity currents, termed slurry flows. Much of the mud in these flows was transported as sand‐ and silt‐sized grains that were approximately hydraulically equivalent to suspended quartz and feldspar. In the eastern Britannia Field, individual slurry beds are continuous over long distances, and abundant core makes it possible to document facies changes across the field. Most beds display regular areal grain‐size changes. In this study, fining trends, especially in the size of the largest grains, are used to estimate palaeoflow and palaeoslope directions. In the middle part of the Britannia Formation, stratigraphic zones 40 and 45, slurry flows moved from south‐west and south towards the north‐east and north. Most zone 45 beds lens out before reaching the northern edge of the field, apparently by wedging out against the northern basin slope. Zone 40 and 45 beds show downflow facies transitions from low‐mud‐content, dish‐structured and wispy‐laminated sandstone to high‐mud‐content banded units. In zone 50, at the top of the formation, flows moved from north to south or north‐west to south‐east, and their deposits show transitions from proximal mud‐rich banded and mixed slurried beds to more distal lower‐mud‐content banded and wispy‐laminated units. The contrasting facies trends in zones 40 and 45 and zone 50 may reflect differing grain‐size relationships between quartz and feldspar grains and mud particles in the depositing flows. In zones 40 and 45, quartz grains average 0·30–0·32 mm in diameter, ≈ 0·10 mm coarser than in zone 50. The medium‐grained quartz in zones 40 and 45 flows may have been slightly coarser than the associated mud grains, resulting in the preferential deposition of quartz in proximal areas and downslope enrichment of the flows in mud. In zone 50 flows, mud was probably slightly coarser than the associated fine‐grained quartz, resulting in early mud sedimentation and enrichment of the distal flows in fine‐grained quartz and feldspar. Mud particles in all flows may have had an effective grain size of ≈ 0·25 mm. Both mud content and suspended‐load fallout rate played key roles in the sedimentation of Britannia slurry flows and structuring of the resulting deposits. During deposition of zones 40 and 45, the area of the eastern Britannia Field in block 16/26 may have been a locally enclosed subbasin within which the depositing slurry flows were locally ponded. Slurry beds in the eastern Britannia Field are ‘lumpy’ sheet‐like bodies that show facies changes but little additional complexity. There is no thin‐bedded facies that might represent waning flows analogous to low‐density turbidity currents. The dominance of laminar, cohesion‐dominated shear layers during sedimentation prevented most bed erosion, and the deposystem lacked channel, levee and overbank facies that commonly make up turbidity current‐dominated systems. Britannia slurry flows, although turbulent and capable of size‐fractionating even fine‐grained sediments, left sand bodies with geometries and facies more like those deposited by poorly differentiated laminar debris flows.     

三山岛金矿控矿断层F1的力学性质及补强措施

作者以正在开采中的三山岛金矿采场为研究对象,分析矿区开采过程中的岩体结构特征及重力方向矿柱、护顶矿柱与控矿断层F1断层泥及其上覆岩体之间的关系和力学机制。通过试验研究了断层泥的物质成分和力学性质,总结了力学特性与断层泥厚度及含水量之间的关系。在此基础上提出锚固大于中倾角的结构面,提高结构面的抗滑阻力;增加含有高、陡倾角结构面矿柱的刚度等对矿柱的补强措施。对护顶矿柱提出预先锚固;分阶段开采的补强方法。在裂隙密集带设置排水设施,改善断层泥的赋存条件,提高它的力学性能。     

开敞水域中航槽流场的数值模拟

建立了一个模拟开敞水域中航槽流场的平面二维数学模型.利用该模型计算得到的流速分布与袁美琦、李安中等人试验值相吻合,并计算了相当于天然情况下(各种水深、挖深比及航槽与水流的不同交角)的流场,得到了各种航槽与水流交角、不同挖深比的航槽流速折减系数变化规律图,及各种航槽与水流交角、不同挖深比的航槽中流向与航槽轴线交角的变化规律图,为开敞水域中航槽选线设计提供了依据.     

基于风化剥落深度的衢州古城墙小西门岩石砌块和蛎灰勾缝条长期抗风化能力研究

不同岩石在相同风化环境条件下的抗风化能力不同。如何评定岩石的抗风化能力是近年来人们十分关注的研究课题之一,因为它对岩石风化机理分析和石质文物长期保护研究有着重要的科学价值。位于浙江省衢州市的古城墙小西门建于明代晚期。小西门城墙的岩石砌块有多种岩性,它们之间的风化剥落深度相差较大。利用三维激光扫描仪测量了小西门某特定研究区中包含多种岩性的岩石砌块的风化剥落深度,并以此来评定不同岩性岩石的长期抗风化能力,以给出相应的排序。在现场还发现,与所研究的多数岩石砌块相比,被古人用作为古城墙各砌块之间勾缝的黏合材料蛎灰的抗风化能力更强。     

山东省聊城市水资源演变形势初步探讨

以地处华北平原的缺水城市——聊城市为代表,从降水、地表水资源、地下水资源分析了该市水资源演变情势,对影响水资源变化情势的主要人类活动如城市化、水利工程拦蓄、调、引水、地下水开采等进行分析,最后得出结论：由于人类活动对区域水资源下垫面基础条件及地下水补给能力的影响改变,致使聊城市地表水,地下水资源的数量、质量及时空分布规律发生了显著变化。     

矿产资源开发与泥石流灾害及其防治对策

由于掠夺式开采以及环境保护滞后于经济发展,我国矿产资源开发利用产生了比较严重的环境问题。本文在分析我国矿山人为泥石流灾害状况的基础上,提出了改善生态环境保护与重建的法治建设环境,加大矿山生态环境保护的监督管理力度,并具体提出了矿山人为泥石流灾害预防和工程治理的措施。     

济南四大泉群附近补给路径及补给比例研究

济南地区岩溶大泉是集供水、旅游、生态等功能于一体的重要自然资源,但随着经济社会的快速发展,人类活动影响不断增强,各岩溶大泉受到水质劣化、流量衰减的威胁。为了明确济南四大泉群附近主要补给路径,更加科学合理的保护泉水资源,文章采用流速流向定量分析、地下水流场分析、水化学同位素分析、聚类分析、三端元混合比计算等研究方法,分析了济南四大泉群主要补给路径,定量计算了各泉群补给路径贡献比例。研究表明,四大泉群的主要补给路径可划分为西部、南部、东南部补给路径,每个泉群受到不同补给路径的混合补给作用,其中趵突泉、黑虎泉、五龙潭、珍珠泉泉群的主要补给来源分别为南部补给路径（流量占比40.21%）、东南部补给路径（流量占比47.42%）、西部补给路径（流量占比47.13%）、南部补给路径（流量占比51.04%）,研究工作可为我国北方岩溶大泉成因机制和生态保护提供参考。     

露天转井工采场及其覆岩采动响应特征研究

以云南磷化集团有限公司晋宁磷矿为依托背景,借助数字照相量测技术,通过相似材料模拟试验,对20与50两种矿体倾角赋存下,露转井工后,井下采场及其上覆岩层的位移与应力响应特征及动态演化过程进行了系统研究。结果表明：（1）地下采场围岩及覆岩的变形演化过程可划分为局部小范围微动、线性持续增大以及整体非线性剧烈垮塌3个阶段;（2）矿体倾角由20增至50后,边坡与地下采场围岩及覆岩的变形整体趋缓,采动影响范围小幅度缩减,沉降曲线则由非对称槽型变为碗型;（3）采场矿柱回收过程中,地下采场围岩及覆岩发生突发性失稳,呈现出明显的多米诺骨牌效应。相关研究结论可为矿山露天转地下开采后地压管理与边坡维护提供一定的理论参考。     

基于模型试验的泥石流坡面物源启动预警模型

为进一步探明银洞子沟物源区坡面物源启动机理与降雨的相关性,在进行详细的现场考察与工程勘察工作后选取了典型模型体,并采用20余组人工降雨物理试验方法将降雨强度与坡度设为控制变量,研究了4种坡形、5种雨强条件下,坡面松散物源的失稳机制及破坏模式。试验结果揭示了地表变形与地下物理力学参数变化的定量响应关系,并基于试验发生破坏的临界雨量,建立了银洞子沟传统I-D预警模型。之后提炼可靠预警参数(坡度、深部体积含水率),通过数学回归分析方法并采用Exponential模型,得出IGD、IGM多参数新型预警判别式,实现了传统I-D模型的有效修正,并具一定的可靠性和实用价值。