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911.
912.
At‐a‐station diurnal variations in carbonate hydrochemistry were measured during four observation periods at Davys Creek, a tufa‐depositing stream in central NSW, Australia. Major ion concentrations and continuously logged measurements of specific conductivity, pH and temperature showed that changes in the amount of CaCO3 deposited upstream of the study reach were directly related to changes in diurnal water temperatures, which control the rate of CO2 efflux to the atmosphere. The greatest upstream losses occurred during the mid‐afternoon water temperature peak, whereas the lowest upstream losses occurred at sunrise, when water temperatures were at their lowest. Cloudy days at all times of the year produced small diurnal water temperatures ranges (c. 2–5°C) and, consequently, relatively small changes in upstream CaCO3 loss (23–50 mg L?1) through the day. Clear sunny days, especially during summer months, produced large diurnal water temperature changes (up to c. 11°C), which in turn triggered diurnal changes in upstream CaCO3 loss of up to 100 mg L?1. By implication, the active reach of tufa deposition must advance downstream and increase in length during the evening and vice versa during the day. Given that the temperature of Davys Creek waters are a function of insolation, changes in the reach of tufa deposition under baseflow conditions are a direct function of the prevailing weather. This has implications for the palaeoclimatic interpretation of fossil tufa deposits. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
913.
The first application of the SHETRAN basin‐scale, landslide erosion and sediment yield model is carried out for a major landsliding event in the upper 505 km2 of the Llobregat basin, in the eastern Spanish Pyrenees, in November 1982. The model simulates the spatial distribution of shallow landslides and their sediment yield. Acknowledging uncertainty in the model parameter evaluation, the aim of the application was not to reproduce the observed occurrence of landslides as accurately as possible with one simulation, but to bracket the observed pattern with several simulations representing uncertainty in the key input conditions. Bounds on the landslide simulations were thus determined as a function of uncertainty in the vegetation root cohesion (used in the model factor of safety calculations). The resulting upper bound considerably overestimates the observed pattern (17 000 landslides compared with an observation of around 700), but it reproduces several of the principal clusters in the observed pattern. The lower bound contains around 500 landslides. The sediment yield estimates (2670–14 630 t km?2) are comparable to measurements elsewhere in the Pyrenees for extreme events. The results demonstrate an ability to simulate the basin‐scale landslide response to a rainfall event and the resulting sediment yield. They also highlight the need for further research in setting the uncertainty bounds and in avoiding large overestimates of landslide occurrence arising in part from a current inability to model small‐scale controls for a basin of the given size. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
914.
In order to detect the scope and the intensity quanti cationally, the spectrum characteristic of sand and dust storm was analyzed in detail by using several MODIS data; bands that can distinguish sand and dust from cloud and surface were detected; two indices for determining the scope and intensity of sand and dust storm were found out, and were tested in several storms. Our study result shows: 1) The spectral characteristic of sand and dust in solar wavelengths is that the reflectance increases with the increasing of
the wavelength. This is similar to the characteristic of the spectrum of soil. Also, the reflectance of large size dusts increases faster than small size dusts. 2) Small size dusts show typical characteristic of aerosol, being sensitive to blue band of 0.46 μm and insensitive to short wave infrared bands of 1.6 and 2.1 μm. 3) Large size dusts do not have aerosol characteristic, not sensitive to blue band but sensitive to short wave infrared bands. 4) Bands of 3.7 and 8.5 μm are sensitive to dusts. The difference of two bands can be used to identify sands and dusts and reflect the intensity to a certain extent. And 5) the two indices are very effective to
monitor sands and dusts by testing a lot of sand and dust storm cases during the period of 2002-2005. Also, the method is simple and easy for operational use. 相似文献
915.
我国的主要成矿区带上有着丰富的航空物探资料,而这些资料多以模拟方式进行记录,所以,我们在日常工作中所收集到的资料多是平面剖面图或平面等值线图。提供一种用数字化对平面剖面图进行数据提取的方法,为平面剖面图的二次利用提供了条件。 相似文献
916.
Introduction Data mining (SHAO and YU, 2003) is a new kind of technique developed with database and artificial intelligence in recent years, which processes the data in the database to abstract the im- plied and pre-unknown, but potentially useful information and knowledge from large amounts of incomplete, noisy, blurring and stochastic data. For data mining, data purging is an important link beforehand that includes eliminating noise, making up lost domain, and deleting ineffective data, as… 相似文献
917.
叙述了中国数字地震台网 (CDSN)数据管理中心 (DMC)的计算机 2 0 0 0年问题 (Y2 K)的解决情况 ,着重介绍了为解决 Y2 K问题而编制的 getdata new软件的功能 ,特点 ,结构和工作原理 ,并结合几个典型实例 ,对用法和应用情况进行说明。另外 ,本文对 getdata new所涉及的部分 ASL的程序也作了简介。 相似文献
918.
The analysis of the recorded geophysical information shows that there is a large spread in probability of instrument readings at the moment of seismic activity. In order to lower demands for computer data resources and decrease the power consumption when applying autonomous computer-based systems, the coding algorithms with minimal requirements for the involvement of the computer central processor and, as a consequence, its power consumption are used. These include the Huffman static algorithm and algorithms using Elias, Rice, Golomb, and Fibonacci codes. The application of Fibonacci codes for coding this information leads to a gain in compression ratio of 10–30% relative to other coding methods. 相似文献
919.
Predictive relations are developed for peak ground acceleration (PGA) from the engineering seismoscope (SRR) records of the
2001 Mw 7.7 Bhuj earthquake and 239 strong-motion records of 32 significant aftershocks of 3.1 ≤ Mw ≤ 5.6 at epicentral distances of 1 ≤ R ≤ 288 km. We have taken advantage of the recent increase in strong-motion data at
close distances to derive new attenuation relation for peak horizontal acceleration in the Kachchh seismic zone, Gujarat.
This new analysis uses the Joyner-Boore’s method for a magnitude-independent shape, based on geometrical spreading and anelastic
attenuation, for the attenuation curve. The resulting attenuation equation is,
where, Y is peak horizontal acceleration in g, Mw is moment magnitude, rjb is the closest distance to the surface projection of the fault rupture in kilometers, and S is a variable taking the values
of 0 and 1 according to the local site geology. S is 0 for a rock site, and, S is 1 for a soil site. The relation differs
from previous work in the improved reliability of input parameters and large numbers of strong-motion PGA data recorded at
short distances (0–50 km) from the source. The relation is in demonstrable agreement with the recorded strong-ground motion
data from earthquakes of Mw 3.5, 4.1, 4.5, 5.6, and 7.7. There are insufficient data from the Kachchh region to adequately judge the relation for the
magnitude range 5.7 ≤ Mw ≤ 7.7. But, our ground-motion prediction model shows a reasonable correlation with the PGA data of the 29 March, 1999 Chamoli
main shock (Mw 6.5), validating our ground-motion attenuation model for an Mw6.5 event. However, our ground-motion prediction shows no correlation with the PGA data of the 10 December, 1967 Koyna main
shock (Mw 6.3). Our ground-motion predictions show more scatter in estimated residual for the distance range (0–30 km), which could
be due to the amplification/noise at near stations situated in the Kachchh sedimentary basin. We also noticed smaller residuals
for the distance range (30–300 km), which could be due to less amplification/noise at sites distant from the Kachchh basin.
However, the observed less residuals for the longer distance range (100–300 km) are less reliable due to the lack of available
PGA values in the same distance range. 相似文献
920.