含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤机制研究

对消落带劣化岩体及水库诱发地震共同影响下三峡库区某典型危岩边坡的稳定性进行了研究,设计并开展了几何相似比为1:100的振动台模型试验,探讨了含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏演化全过程及其动力响应规律。研究表明：含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏全过程可归结为坡体内部损伤累积—裂隙发育—次级节理与深大裂隙贯通—失稳倾倒,同时伴随消落带岩体表层松动—掉落—破坏及内部出现渗流网—形成渗流通道—形成“凹腔”的复合破坏模式;随着地震动的持续,危岩体内部动力响应规律具有典型的“趋高”及“趋表”效应,危岩边坡表面累积位移不断增加,消落带处孔隙水压力整体增加,危岩边坡内部水平向及竖直向土压力在全阶段中整体均呈先增大后减小的规律;危岩边坡自振频率及阻尼比在全阶段整体呈减小和增加的趋势;在小震结束前阶段及强震阶段,危岩边坡损伤度曲线分别呈“S”型分布和指数型分布。     

酒泉盆地青西凹陷油气地质特征及下步勘探方向

酒泉盆地油气勘探始于20世纪20年代,先后发现了老君庙、鸭儿峡、单北、白杨河等油田。盆地在中、新生代经历了早白垩世断陷盆地演化阶段和新生代前陆盆地演化阶段,为断拗叠置型盆地。断陷期的酒泉盆地下白垩统赤金堡组和下沟组为一套纹层状泥质白云岩和白云质泥岩,藻纹层比较发育,是优质的烃源岩。拗陷期盆地的快速沉降导致烃源岩快速成熟、高效生烃,为油气运移提供了动力,同时挤压逆冲对构造圈闭、油气运移通道的形成和储层物性的改善起着关键的作用,形成的窟窿山等多个正向构造带是油气富集的有利区带。青西凹陷存在低成熟、成熟、高成熟3类原油,低成熟原油仅分布于青西凹陷的下沟组上段至中沟组,成熟原油发生了大规模的运移,形成了柳沟庄、鸭儿峡—老君庙—石油沟油田,而深层高成熟原油没有大规模向中浅层运移,青西凹陷具有寻找高成熟原油的资源潜力。希望该研究成果可为青西凹陷下白垩统油气勘探提供经验与思路。     

冀北两种类型钼矿床地质特征与控矿因素差异性分析

冀北(张家口—承德)目前已发现的钼矿床可分为两种类型, 一是主要分布于冀北南部燕山裂陷带中, 钼矿化发生时间与矿区酸性岩体侵位时间接近或相当, 金属矿物以辉钼矿为主, 围岩蚀变主要为钾化、硅化, 成矿流体以高温、高盐度为特征; 另一类主要分布于华北地台北缘隆起带内中生代火山断陷盆地中, 金属矿物以低温胶硫钼矿物为主, 多与铀矿共生, 围岩蚀变以水云母化、萤石化、胶黄铁矿化为主, 成矿流体显示低温、低盐度特征。以胶硫钼为主的铀钼矿床由于缺少合适的钼矿化定年矿物, 目前年龄测试数据多限于铀矿化, 测试结果表明铀矿化与区内酸性岩体及赋矿地层之间存在显著的岩矿时差。在冀北及邻区已有地质资料基础上, 本文对冀北上述两种类型钼矿床存在的地质问题及研究现状进行了评述, 指出分布于中生代火山断陷盆地中钼矿化成矿时代厘定问题是分析该类型铀钼矿床成矿作用过程、确定成因类型、评价深部找矿潜力的关键。     

干热岩热储建造的二氧化碳爆破致裂器优化设计

储层建造是商业化开采干热岩高温地热能的关键技术,二氧化碳爆破致裂技术为此提供了新思路。本文简述了二氧化碳爆破致裂技术,以及爆破过程中二氧化碳充装量、活化器用量、定压片厚度之间的关系。重点完善了用于干热岩储层建造的二氧化碳致裂器相关工作,设计了致裂器内部具体参数,优化了外部结构和系统,最终研发了一种可用于干热岩热储层建造的二氧化碳致裂器,为干热岩储层建造提供有效的技术手段,填补了耐高温高压的井下二氧化碳致裂器领域的空白。     

南海西部深水区崖城组煤系烃源岩的识别方法

琼东南盆地古近系崖城组海陆过渡相煤系烃源岩已被证实是该盆地的主要气源岩,但由于崖城组煤层具有层数多、单层薄、横向变化快的特点,而难以被识别和预测,尤其是勘探程度较低的深水区.本文利用综合种地质与地球物理法对煤系烃源岩进行更加准确的预测.首先,煤层可通过“三高,三低,一扩”的测井响应特征识别,而炭质泥岩可通过“四高,一低”的特征识别.基于该测井逻辑判断,煤系地层可通过测井曲线的聚类分析进行垂向的自动识别.在井震标的的约束下,煤层组可通过地震数据的“负相位,高吸收因子,低波阻抗和低频”等综合特征进行横向识别.然而,地球物理方法识别的煤系烃源岩分布范围不一定符合成煤的地质规律,因此本文从构造、层序和沉积的角度研究了煤系发育的主控因素约束其分布范围:①古地形及构造沉降控制了海陆过渡相煤系烃源岩在凹陷中的平面发育部位;②相对海平面变化通过控制可容空间变化以及海岸线迁移,从而控制烃源岩的发育规模以及垂向分布——具体的说,可容纳空间的增长速率和泥炭堆积速率的关系是控制煤层形成的最根本因素,在其平衡位置,煤层发育最厚、延伸最大;③原地碎屑的供应和沉积场所与古物源的距离,是制约高丰度烃源岩发育的关键因素,即距离古隆起海岸较近的沉积环境中陆源有机质较为丰富,便可形成高丰度煤系烃源岩.通过上述地质与地球物理联合识别方法,提高了煤系烃源岩发育的预测精度和可信度,为南海西部深水区的早期勘探提供了重要的参考依据.     

Characterisation of recharge processes and groundwater flow mechanisms in weathered-fractured granites of Hyderabad (India) using isotopes

In order to address the problem of realistic assessment of groundwater potential and its sustainability, it is vital to study the recharge processes and mechanism of groundwater flow in fractured hard rocks, where inhomogeneties and discontinuities have a dominant role to play. Wide variations in chloride, δ¹⁸O and ¹⁴C concentrations of the studied groundwaters observed in space and time could only reflect the heterogeneous hydrogeological setting in the fractured granites of Hyderabad (India). This paper, based on the observed isotopic and environmental chloride variations of the groundwater system, puts forth two broad types of groundwaters involving various recharge processes and flow mechanisms in the studied granitic hard rock aquifers. Relatively high ¹⁴C ages (1300 to ～6000 yr B.P.), δ¹⁸O content (?3.2 to ?1.5‰) and chloride concentration (<100 mg/l) are the signatures that identified one broad set of groundwaters resulting from recharge through weathered zone and subsequent movement through extensive sheet joints. The second set of groundwaters possessed an age range Modern to ～1000 yr B.P., chloride in the range 100 to ～350 mg/l and δ¹⁸O from ?3.2 to +1.7‰. The δ¹⁸O enrichment and chloride concentration, further helped in the segregation of the second set of groundwaters into three sub-sets characterized by different recharge processes and sources. Based on these processes and mechanisms, a conceptual hydrogeologic model has evolved suggesting that the fracture network is connected either to a distant recharge source or to a surface reservoir (evaporating water bodies) apart from overlying weathered zone, explaining various resultant groundwaters having varying ¹⁴C ages, chloride and δ¹⁸O concentrations. The surface reservoir contribution to groundwater is evaluated to be significant (40 to 70%) in one subset of groundwaters. The conceptual hydrogeologic model, thus evolved, can aid in understanding the mechanism of groundwater flow as well as migration of contaminants to deep groundwater in other fractured granitic areas.     

新疆阿舍勒盆地泥盆纪火成岩与构造-岩浆演化

阿舍勒泥盆纪火山盆地是阿尔泰西南缘重要的矿集区,产出我国著名的火山成因块状硫化物型(VMS)矿床——阿舍勒铜矿.其内部发育的火山岩和侵入岩地球化学特征记录了阿舍勒盆地的构造岩浆演化和成岩、成矿作用过程,但其形成构造背景和成岩成矿机制一直存在争论.本文报道了阿舍勒矿集区萨尔朔克铜金多金属矿区深部英云闪长岩的LA-MC-I...     

Comparative analysis of coatings on granitic substrates from urban and natural settings (NW Spain)

Rock coatings are frequent on natural rock outcrops and even more on stone surfaces of historical buildings and monuments. They are interesting as some of them have a protective effect against erosion. In the last 30 years, research on rock coatings has been performed separately on either buildings or natural outcrops. This paper studies and compares thin coatings found on granitic rock surfaces of historical buildings with coatings found on natural granite outcrops in a same climatic area (NW Spain) by analysing their surface and cross-sections. As rock surfaces of buildings have known age they can be used to assess rates of weathering and coating growth. This is the first comparative study of formation of coatings on natural and built surfaces in the same region. Both endogenous (rock characteristics) and exogenous factors (climatic conditions, air pollution) that could affect the coatings formation are considered to assess the origin and formation of coatings. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses of the underlying rocks, XRD analyses of the coatings and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations of surface and cross-sections of the coatings, performing Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray maps, were carried out to establish their composition. Fieldwork and results indicate that natural outcrops are widely covered by biological coatings or coatings formed due to rock weathering, while coatings found on rock ashlars are highly variable with air pollution, other building materials, organic droppings and micro-environmental factors contributing to coatings on rock ashlars in a more significant way than substrate characteristics and exposure time.     

Hydrogeological conditions for the forming and quality of mineral waters in Serbia

In the past researches conducted on the territory of Serbia, 5 regional geotectonic units have been distinguished with registered occurrences of 230 mineral springs. Recent analyses of the bottled mineral waters quality have not included systematic examinations of micro-components present in these waters. Based on the analyses of the bottled mineral waters (EuroGeoSurveys Geochemistry Expert Group), it has been observed that the water quality is greatly influenced by the chemical composition of igneous intrusions, regardless of the fact that the analyzed waters have been taken from different aquifers (Neogene sediments, limestone, flysch, schist).     

炭窑口矿区基性火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

为探讨炭窑口矿区变质基性火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义,对其产出特征、岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学等方面进行了综合分析研究。结果表明,其原岩为钾质细碧岩,属碱性火山岩,富集轻稀土和不相容元素,而亏损重稀土和相容元素(如Nb、Ta和Ti),具有与火山弧基性火山岩相似的地球化学特征。其稀土元素分配型式表明其成岩物质来源于地幔。通过构造环境分析,并结合区域地质资料,认为矿区变质基性火山岩的形成构造环境为大陆边缘火山弧造山带。