Evaluation of potential landslide damming: Case study of Urni landslide,Kinnaur, Satluj valley,India

This work aims to understand the process of potential landslide damming using slope failure mechanism,dam dimension and dam stability evaluation. The Urni landslide, situated on the right bank of the Satluj River, Himachal Pradesh(India) is taken as the case study. The Urni landslide has evolved into a complex landslide in the last two decade(2000-2016) and has dammed the Satluj River partially since year 2013,damaging ～200 m stretch of the National Highway(NH-05). The crown of the landslide exists at an altitude of ～2180-2190 m above msl, close to the Urni village that has a human population of about 500.The high resolution imagery shows ～50 m long landslide scarp and ～100 m long transverse cracks in the detached mass that implies potential for further slope failure movement. Further analysis shows that the landslide has attained an areal increase of 103,900 ± 1142 m^2 during year 2004-2016. About 86% of this areal increase occurred since year 2013. Abrupt increase in the annual mean rainfall is also observed since the year 2013. The extreme rainfall in the June, 2013; 11 June(～100 mm) and 16 June(～115 mm),are considered to be responsible for the slope failure in the Urni landslide that has partially dammed the river. The finite element modelling(FEM) based slope stability analysis revealed the shear strain in the order of 0.0-0.16 with 0.0-0.6 m total displacement in the detachment zone. Further, kinematic analysis indicated planar and wedge failure condition in the jointed rockmass. The debris flow runout simulation of the detached mass in the landslide showed a velocity of ～25 m/s with a flow height of ～15 m while it(debris flow) reaches the valley floor. Finally, it is also estimated that further slope failure may detach as much as 0.80 ±0.32 million m^3 mass that will completely dam the river to a height of 76±30 m above the river bed.     

美国西部滑坡坝的合作研究

沟谷的滑坡成坝已成为美国西部山地中一个值得注意的问题。1985年作者们考察了美国西部六州九个滑坡坝的特点。这是执行1979年中美科学技术合作协议(特别是1980年地学合作补充议定书)的部分内容。中美两国科学家和工程专家考察九个滑坡坝后,取得了一些研究成果,即论述了滑坡坝(尤其是近代滑坡坝)的成因与稳定性,并列举了灾变性溃坝防止措施的若干成功经验。     

昔格达组地层研究中需要注意的若干关键问题

昔格达组与下伏、上覆冲积卵石层之间的垂向叠置关系具有重要的沉积环境指示意义。主要由水平纹层状杂色细粒沉积构成的昔格达组常夹有数十厘米厚的冲积砂卵石层,而粉细砂层中还常见交错纹理和交错层理,成因研究应充分考虑其冲湖积特征和湖底底流;不同地区昔格达组细粒沉积的矿物成分和卵石层的岩石类型各异,基本无可比性。有些地区昔格达组地层中发育有同生变形构造,有些还见有较多的地质构造形迹。昔格达组地层露头区的平面离散性很大,但对现今河流体系高度依赖,要么追踪不同序次干流及支流形成树枝状结构,要么仅沿干流分布、不受支流影响,形成棒状结构,表明昔格达组地层形成于现今河流之后,而且与河流密切相关;垂向上,不同昔格达组地层露头区之间的最大高差达2 290 m,不同露头之间常存在标高突变。昔格达组地层的沉积环境主要是不同序次河流岸坡失稳形成的滑坡坝堰塞湖,其次为沿断裂带发育的河流局部下陷演变而来的过水断陷湖泊。     

冷空气堆积及其天气影响研究的主要进展

冷空气堆积(cold air damming,CAD)是低层冷空气受地形阻挡产生的一种中尺度天气现象,北半球通常发生在山脉的东侧,造成云量增加、温度降低以及降水类型和降水落区的改变。CAD全年都会发生,冷季常造成冻雨天气,暖季往往会触发雷暴、大风、冰雹等强对流天气。在地形作用下地转适应关系的重新调整是CAD形成的动力基础,但冷平流、绝热冷却和非绝热冷却等热力因子对CAD的形成和发展也至关重要。尽管中尺度数值模式显著提高了CAD事件的预测能力,但这些模式仍有低估CAD影响和持续时间的倾向,即便是快速更新的高分辨率中尺度模式也会低估太阳遮蔽的影响,因此,CAD的预测对研究和预报人员来说一直是个棘手的世界性难题。主要从时空分布、天气影响、形成机理和预报预测等方面对其研究历程进行了回顾。