抗震设计中结构的性能等级与设计性能安全指数

通常根据结构的破坏程度可以将结构的破坏划分为：基本完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏、严重破坏、倒塌等5个阶段。根据这5个阶段,本文将结构在地震过程中的性能极限状态划分为：功能连续极限状态、破坏控制极限状态、控制损失极限状态和防止倒塌极限状态,并以此作为划分结构性能等级的标准。定义结构失效概率的自然对数的负值为设计性能安全指数,通过计算结构失效概率对各构件可靠指标的一阶偏导数的方法,求出结构的设计性能安全等级。这种方法可以考虑建筑结构构件、建筑非结构构件以及其它非结构构件的性能,而且同时可以考虑结构系统总体效应的影响,因而能够比较全面地反映结构的抗震性能等级。     

EQUATIONS FOR GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE

The grain size distribution of particulate material is of particular interest in the field of sediment transport. The size distribution is described by various equations, however no equation is flexible enough to satisfy the grain size distribution data faithfully. Presented herein are the equations for unimodal and multimodal grain size distribution curves. A graphical method has been given to evaluate the parameters involved in these equations. The size distribution equation can be used to estimate many properties of sediment sample like number of sediment particles, surface area of the particles and hydraulic conductivity. It is hoped that the equations will find many applications in studying sedimentation processes.     

Active tectonics around the junction of Southwest Japan and Ryukyu arcs: Control by subducting plate geometry and pre‐Quaternary geologic structure

The origin of active faults in the Inner zone of the western part of Southwest Japan was explained by a decrease of the minimum principal stress and reactivation of ancient geologic structures. Although the E–W maximum principal stress in Southwest Japan due to the collision of the Southwest and Northeast Japan arcs along the Itoigawa–Shizuoka Tectonic Line is assumed to decrease westward, the density of active strike‐slip faults increases in the western margin of the Southwest Japan Arc (western Chugoku and northern Kyushu) where the subducting Philippine Sea Plate dips steeply. The E–W maximum compressional stress is predominant throughout Southwest Japan, while the N–S minimum principal stress that is presumably caused by coupling between Southwest Japan arc and Philippine Sea Plate decreases due to the weak plate coupling as the plate inclination increases under the western margin of Southwest Japan. The increase of the fault density in the western margin of the arc is attributed to a decrease of the minimum principal stress and consequent increase of shear stress. Low slip rates of the active faults in this region support the view that the westward increase of fault density is not a response to increasing maximum stress. These faults of onshore and offshore lie in three distinct domains defined on the basis of fault strike. They are defined domains I, II, and III which are composed of active faults striking ENE–WSW, NW–SE, and NE–SW, respectively. Faulting in domains I, II, and III is related to Miocene rift basins, Eocene normal faults, and Mesozoic strike‐slip faults, respectively. Although these active faults are strike‐slip faults due to E–W maximum stress, it is unclear whether their fault planes are the same as those of pre‐Quaternary dip‐slip faults.     

Variations in stress and driving pore fluid pressure ratio using vein orientations along megasplay faults : Example from the Nobeoka Thrust,Southwest Japan

The Nobeoka Thrust of Southwest Japan is an on‐land example of an ancient megasplay fault that provides an excellent record of deformation and fluid flow at seismogenic depths. The present study reports: (i) temporal stress changes for the seismogenic period of the Nobeoka Thrust; and (ii) spatial heterogeneities in driving pressure ratios P* obtained from mineral veins around the Nobeoka Thrust fault zone. Many quartz veins that filled mode I cracks can be observed in the hanging wall and footwall of the thrust. Inversion for stress orientation suggests that normal faulting dominated in both the hanging wall and footwall, with similar stress axis orientations in both. The orientation of σ₃ for the estimated stress regime is parallel to the slip direction of the Nobeoka Thrust. The detected normal‐faulting‐type stress regimes likely resulted from post‐seismic stress buildup after megathrust earthquakes. The hanging wall of the Nobeoka Thrust has smaller P* values than the footwall. Two possible explanations are proposed for the observed spatial variations in the driving pore fluid pressure ratio, P*: spatial variations in pore fluid pressure P_f are directly responsible for P* variations, or P* variations are controlled by differences in mechanical properties between the hanging wall and footwall.     

Large‐scale erosion and overbank deposition caused by the July 2013 flood of the Abu River,Yamaguchi City,Japan

This paper reports on the erosion, transport, and deposition processes associated with an overbank deposit formed by the flooding of the Abu River on July 28, 2013, in Yamaguchi City, Japan. At the study site, river flows overtopped the levee revetment upstream of a meander bend cutting it off and flowing back into the main channel downstream. In this sequential process, it deposited large amounts of sediments, ranging from mud to cobbles, on the floodplain. The surface of paddy fields adjacent to a railway line, located at the center of the affected floodplain, was severely eroded by the flood flows. Overbank deposits composed of both upstream finer sediments and eroded coarser terrestrial sediments are laid down in the affected area. Large amounts of pebbles and cobbles originating from the eroded terrestrial area formed a gravelly pile on top of the sand and gravel sediments derived from the river. This finding indicates that sands and gravels were deposited prior to the formation of the gravelly pile, probably before and during peak flood flows. An inverse grading structure is evident in the lower to middle part of these comparatively thick deposits, most likely due to differences in transport pattern between entrained terrestrial gravels and upstream finer sediments.     

Rapid societal change as a proxy for regional environmental forcing: Evidence and explanations for Pacific island societies in the 14–15th centuries

Given the unquestioned impacts of recent/future environmental changes on human societies, it is reasonable to posit that past societal responses could be used as proxies of contemporaneous environmental forcing and might help identify the drivers of these, particularly where independent evidence of the effects of these events is inadequate. Such areas include Pacific oceanic islands for most of which there is evidence of a societal perturbation in the 14th and 15th centuries that saw the outbreak of region‐wide conflict, abandonment of coastal settlements and the abrupt end of long‐distance cross‐ocean voyaging networks. The contemporaneity of these effects across a vast region requires a driver that is external to particular island groups with the only possibility that of oceanic origin, most likely large waves (tsunamis or storm surges) or rapid sea‐level change. The explanation is less important than the principle that societal changes can be used as proxies for environmental activity.     

农产品质量安全导向的耕地质量评价及在城市开发边界划定中的应用——以南通市为例

快速城镇化过程中,耕地面临日益严重的质量和数量安全问题,改进耕地质量评价方法并探索其在城市开发边界划定中的应用研究,对于耕地和农产品质量安全保护、“多规合一”的实施具有重要意义。通过融合农用地自然质量分等和多目标地球化学调查成果,重构耕地质量评价指标体系与集成方法,结合耕地质量与规划城镇用地的耦合分析,探索可占用耕地与城市开发边界识别路径,并以南通为例进行验证。研究表明：沿江地区土壤重金属含量较高,沿海地区土壤肥力较差,西部和北部地区土壤肥沃,耕地质量较好。沿江地区规划城镇用地和耕地质量空间匹配较好,可占耕地和开发边界范围较大,北部地区相反。耕地质量评价—耕地与规划城镇用地耦合—可占用耕地选择与边界框定的方法,可以为城市开发边界划定提供指引,但城市用地需求和耕地可占用规模确定是有待深入研究的问题。     

不同级配粗颗粒材料动力特性试验研究

级配是粗颗粒材料最基本特征,根据大量试验结果和长期积累的试验经验,总结出了试验级配缩制的具体原则,并基于粗颗粒材料中小于等于5 mm粒径含量变化,分析了级配优劣对其充填关系的影响,级配越优,粗颗粒材料的充填关系越好,粗颗粒材料能达到较大的干密度,反之则越差,粗颗粒材料也难以获得较大的干密度。级配的优劣对堆石料动力特性的影响在低围压状态下并不明显,随着围压的升高,级配优的堆石料动力特性指标明显变优;砂砾料由于颗粒浑圆度较好,级配的优劣对其动力特性的影响逐渐减弱。针对上述级配对粗颗粒材料动力特性的影响规律,对于高土石坝来说有必要采用级配优的粗颗粒材料作为坝体的填筑料,通过其在高应力条件下力学性能的优势来控制坝体整体变形和提高其抗震性能。     

饱和级配破碎泥岩压实与粒度分布分形特征试验研究

通过饱和级配破碎泥岩的压实试验,得到了不同级配下试样轴向位移和粒度分布分形维数随轴向应力变化曲线,分析了Talbol幂指数对饱和破碎泥岩压实变形与粒度分布的影响规律,建立了一种饱和破碎泥岩压缩模量与轴向应力的关系式。试验结果表明,饱和破碎泥岩的压实过程可分为2个阶段,即0~4 MPa的快速变形阶段和4 MPa后的缓慢变形阶段。其中,约80%的变形发生在快速变形阶段。轴向位移、压缩模量与粒度分布分形维数均可用轴向应力的指数函数拟合。相同轴向应力下,Talbol幂指数越大,试样轴向位移越大,粒度分布分形维数越小。轴向应力大于8 MPa后,各级配试样的粒度分布分形维数相差很小,且随着轴向应力的进一步增大,各级配试样的分形维数差异将继续减小,最终,分形维数将趋于一致。在加载初期,试样压实变形主要以岩石颗粒移位为主;而在加载后期,试样的压实变形则以颗粒破碎为主。     

(F,α,ρ,d)-凸和广义(F,α,ρ,d)-凸条件下一类多目标规划问题的对偶

对偶理论是最优化理论的重要组成部分,具有深刻的理论意义和重要的应用价值。针对多目标规划问题的对偶问题,在F-凸,ρ-凸和(F,ρ)-凸的基础上对(F,α,ρ,d)-凸和广义(F,α,ρ,d)-凸条件下的多目标规划问题进行了研究,将多目标非线性规划问题的Wolfe向量对偶,Mond-Weir型向量对偶和混合型向量对偶的弱对偶定理中的凸性条件弱化。在较弱的凸性((F,α,ρ,d)-拟凸,(F,α,ρ,d)-伪凸,弱(F,α,ρ,d)-拟凸)条件下,给出并证明了相应的弱对偶定理。通过弱化凸性条件,从而扩大了多目标规划的实用范围。