大断面黄土隧道初期支护适应性研究

以兰渝铁路大断面黄土隧道为工程背景,采用三维数值模拟结合现场监测实验对现有初期支护设计参数的适应性进行研究,对大断面黄土隧道初期支护的受力与变形特性进行综合分析。通过三维数值模拟得到黄土隧道开挖扰动后初期支护的受力与变形状态,将数值计算结果与现场监控量测对比获得典型断面围岩的应力和位移发展规律并对初期支护安全性进行评价;通过FLAC3D的FISH语言开发程序分析混凝土硬化特性对初期支护受力与变形的影响;现场跟踪量测与数值模拟的计算结果基本吻合,结论可为黄土地区隧道初期支护的设计和施工提供一定的借鉴和参考,积累有益的经验     

桂东鹰扬关构造混杂岩物质组成及变形特征

鹰扬关构造混杂岩出露于湘-粤-桂三省(区)交界处,构造上位于扬子陆块与华夏地块结合带西南段,在形成过程中保存了丰富的物质记录和构造演化信息,是研究扬子陆块与华夏地块拼合造山过程及相互关系的重要对象。对鹰扬关构造混杂岩物质组成及变形特征的详细研究表明,其由基质与岩块组成,基质为变质含凝灰质细碎屑岩,岩块为变质火山(碎屑)岩、微晶石英岩与大理岩等;根据野外变形特征及各期变形的叠加改造关系,于鹰扬关构造混杂岩中识别出5期构造变形,并建立了5期构造的相对变形序列。S₁、S₂代表晋宁期变形作用(D₁～D₂); S₃及NNE向断层左行走滑运动指示加里东期NW-NNW向挤压作用(D₃);印支期及早燕山期W-NWW向挤压作用(D₄)对前期构造进行了改造, NNE向断层发生右行走滑运动;晚燕山期的伸展作用主要表现为正断层活动(D₅)。变形序列的建立为区域构造过程的探讨和对比提供了新的基础资料。     

广西十万大山前陆冲断推覆构造

通过十万大山盆地内地震剖面资料和ＴＭ遥感图象的地质构造解译,结合重力资料和野外地质观察及构造分析,阐述了十万大山前陆冲断推覆构造的发育特征和前陆盆地的构造演化。前陆冲断推覆构造由３个不同的构造变形带组成：卷入海西和印支期花岗岩体的逆冲断裂带、充填中生代陆相沉积并发生构造滑脱的前陆盆地和对应于华南准地台的前陆腹地。冲断推覆构造的形成和演化是与中、晚古生代钦州海槽晚二叠世的褶皱回返和中生代相继的构造复活密切联系的,它经历了３期主要构造应力作用事件：晚二叠世海西运动晚幕为冲断推覆构造的雏形期,晚三叠世印支运动晚幕的近ＳＮ向挤压是陆相前陆盆地的发育期;早白垩世末期燕山运动主幕ＮＷ—ＳＥ向挤压是现今十万大山前陆冲断推覆构造的成型期。     

鄂北大洪山地区“花山群”的解体

岩性—构造填图结果表明,大洪山区的原“花山群”实际上包含３套不同时代、不同环境的物质建造,应予以解体。其中襄广断裂带内分布的以基性火山岩为主的一套岩系是构造侵位的蛇绿混杂岩,称之为花山蛇绿混杂岩;大洪山以西的耿集—板桥火山—沉积岩系,是南秦岭随县群的构造岩块;剔除这两者之后的碎屑沉积岩系定为真正意义的花山群,沉积时代为晚元古代。     

油藏地球化学在沈家铺断块油田的应用

首先采用色谱、色谱-质谱等分析技术研究了本区枣Ⅴ油组原油地球化学特征及断块间油藏流体连通性，然后利用岩石热解(Rock-Eval)和薄层色谱-火焰离子检测技术(TLC—FID)，结合试油及测井资料，建立了枣Ⅴ油组油干水层划分的地球化学标准，研究了流体(原油)及其性质在纵向上和平面上的变化及分布规律。研究结果表明，枣Ⅴ油组原油为低成熟原油，其源岩形成于微咸水一半咸水湖相还原环境，主要由菌藻类有机质组成，但某些藻类可能是其源岩有机质的主要贡献者；枣Ⅴ油组断块间油藏流体不连通；纵向上，储层流体非均质性强，总体而言，随深度增加枣Ⅴ油组储层含油性逐渐变差，但原油性质逐渐变好。平面上，储层流体非均质性强，不同断块含油性不同，同一断块不同部位含油性不同；不同断块原油性质不同，总体而言，从NE到SW，枣Ⅴ油组的原油性质逐渐变好。     

Cambrian wave‐dominated tidal‐flat deposits,central Wisconsin,USA

In central Wisconsin, Cambrian strata of the Elk Mound Group record deposition on open‐coast, wave‐dominated tidal flats. Mature, medium‐grained quartz arenite is dominated by parallel‐bedding with upper‐flow regime parallel‐lamination, deposited during high‐energy storms that also produced three‐dimensional bedforms on the flats. Abundant wave ripples were produced as storms waned or during fair weather, in water depths ≤2 m. Indicators of variably shallow water (washout structures and stranded cnidarian medusae) and subaerial exposure (adhesion marks, rain‐drop impressions and desiccation cracks, including cracked medusae) are abundant. Parallel‐bedded facies preserve a Cruziana ichnofacies, similar to other Cambrian tidal‐flat deposits. Flats were dissected by small, mainly straight channels, the floors of which were grazed intensely by molluscs. Most channels were ephemeral but some developed low levées, point bars and cut‐banks, probably reflecting stabilization by abundant microbial mats and biofilms. Channels were filled with trough cross‐bedding that is interpreted to have been produced mainly during storm runoff. The strata resemble deposits of open‐coast, wave‐dominated tidal flats on the east coast of India and west coast of Korea. Ancient wave‐dominated and open‐coast tidal flats documented to date appear to have been limited to mud‐rich strata with ‘classic’ tidal indicators such as flaser bedding and tidal bundles. The Cambrian (Miaolingian to early Furongian) Elk Mound Group demonstrates that sandy, wave‐dominated tidal flats also can be recognized in the stratigraphic record.     

Tectonometamorphic evolution of an intracontinental orogeny inferred from P–T–t–d paths of the metapelites from the Rehamna massif (Morocco)

New petrographic and microstructural observations, mineral equilibria modelling and U/Pb (monazite) geochronological studies were carried out to investigate the relationships between deformation and metamorphism across the Rehamna massif (Moroccan Variscan belt). In this area, typical Barrovian (muscovite to staurolite) zones developed in Cambrian to Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks that are distributed around a dome‐like structure. First assemblages are characterized by the presence of locally preserved andalusite, followed by prograde evolution culminating at 6 kbar and 620 °C in the structurally deepest staurolite zone rocks. This Barrovian sequence was subsequently uplifted to supracrustal levels, heterogeneously reworked at greenschist facies conditions, which was followed locally by static growth of andalusite, indicating heating to 2.5–4 kbar and 530–570 °C. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U monazite age of 298.3 ± 4.1 Ma is interpreted as minimum age of peak metamorphic conditions, whereas the ages of 275.8 ± 1.7 Ma and 277.0 ± 1.1 Ma date decompression and heating at low pressure, in agreement with previous dating of Permian granitoids intruding the Rehamna massif. The prograde metamorphism occurred during thickening and associated horizontal flow in the deeper crust (S1 horizontal schistosity). The horizontally disposed metamorphic zones were subsequently uplifted by a regional scale antiform during ongoing N–S compression. The re‐heating of the massif follows late massive E–W shortening, refolding and retrograde shearing of all previous fabrics coevally with regionally important intrusions of Permian granitoids. We argue that metamorphic evolution of the Rehamna massif occurred several hundred kilometres from the convergent plate boundaries in the interior of continental Gondwanan plate. The tectonometamorphic history of the Rehamna massif is put into Palaeozoic plate tectonic perspective and Late Carboniferous reactivation of (Devonian)–Early Carboniferous basins formed during stretching of the north Gondwana margin and formation of the Palaeotethys Ocean. The inherited heat budget of these magma‐rich basins plays a role in the preferential location of this intracontinental orogen. It is shown that rapid transition from lithospheric stretching to compression is characterized by specific HT type of Barrovian metamorphism, which markedly differs from similar Barrovian sequences along Palaeozoic plate boundaries reported from Variscan Europe.     

Hercynian subduction-related processes within the metamorphic continental crust in Calabria (southern Italy)

Linking the deformation history of mylonitized continental rocks to the progress of devolatilization reactions that trigger reaction softening is critical for the understanding of crustal scale processes. We have analysed the field geometries and microstructures of deformed rocks within the southern Hercynian belt in Calabria, as well as modelled the pressure–temperature–deformation (P–T–d) trajectory of a main ductile shear zone that tectonically coupled the deeper crustal Mammola Paragneiss Unit with the upper crustal Stilo–Pazzano Phyllite Unit. P–T modelling of the mylonitic Mammola Paragneiss Unit was performed through calculation of phase equilibrium diagrams with the software thermocalc in the MnNCKFMASHTO model system. The prograde P–T–d trajectory is based on the zoning profiles of garnet porphyroblasts and their mineral inclusions, primarily barroisite and epidote. P–T modelling shows that peak metamorphic conditions of ~0.9 GPa and 585°C were reached during a D_n-1 under-thrusting event. The following exhumation during the D_n mylonitic event, and contact metamorphism during D_n+1 and D_n+2 folding events, have also been modelled because they are essential to restore the previous tectono-metamorphic history. The exhumation trajectory was modelled down to 0.3 GPa with temperatures of 440–460°C, under fluid-deficient conditions, as well as the final late Carboniferous contact metamorphism up to T_max of 680–720°C. The prograde path shows clear evidence for thermal buffering during garnet growth at the expense of chlorite, with a heating-dominated stage after chlorite breakdown. Subsequently, a rheological change associated with epidote breakdown (i.e. reaction softening) occurred, highlighted by a net steepening of the P/T trajectory towards the pressure peak. On the basis of the barroisite inclusions within garnet porphyroblasts as well as the ‘hairpin’ shape of the reconstructed P–T–d path (before contact metamorphism), we infer that the unusual low T/P gradient for the Hercynian crust exposed in the Mammola Paragneiss Unit records its involvement in the Palaeotethys–Gondwana subduction beneath Laurussia during D_n-1 under-thrusting. We present a new palaeotectonic interpretation along the southern Hercynian belt in Calabria during the Upper Mississippian–Lower Pennsylvanian, that is consistent with previous geochronology studies.     

西天山特克斯一带双变质带特征

特克斯一带双变质带是西天山双变质带重要组成部分.对特克斯一带双变质带特征的详细观察和讨论,可能对整个西天山双变质带深入研究起到解剖麻雀的作用.低压相系变质岩是以堇青石片岩类为代表;高压相系变质岩是以蓝闪石片岩类为代表.在后继的收缩体制下,由于陆-陆碰撞作用,使能干性不同的层状变质岩叠置到一起,经过强烈纵向构造置换作用,使能干性较强的蓝闪石片岩类(包括大理岩)变成透镜状、似层状岩石,嵌在数量较多、能干性较弱的堇青片岩类里,构成双变质带混杂体.变质作用的时间约为晚志留世末.堇青石片岩类为低压相系角闪岩相岛弧型变质作用;蓝闪石片岩类属于高压相系低绿片岩相俯冲带型变质作用.     

地球化学负异常及其找矿意义

地球化学负异常的存在具有普遍性。完整的地球化学异常场应包括正异常场和负异常场。负异常按其规模和找矿意义可分为区域、矿床和矿体３个不同层次。区域负异常，可以指明区域找矿方向，圈定找矿靶区；矿床负异常指出矿床可能存在的地段；矿体负异常具体圈定矿体存在的空间位置。负异常与正异常的综合研究，有助于深化对矿床成因的认识，扩大找矿信息，提高找矿效果。