Characterisation of the non-asphaltene products of mild chemical degradation of asphaltenes

The major steranes of the non-asphaltene fraction of Nigerian tar sand bitumen (maltene) are the c₂₇-c₂₉ diasteranes [13β(H),17α(H); 20R + S] and C₂₈-C₂₉ regular steranes [14β (H),17β (H); 20S]. The reducing metal reaction products of the corresponding asphaltenes (maltene-I) contain mainly C₂₇-C₂₉ regular steranes with the 14β(H),17β(H); 20R + S and 14α(H),17α(H); 20R + S configurations as well as the corresponding diasteranes having the 13β(H),17α(H); 20R + S configuration. These sterane distributions suggest that maltene-I corresponds to an unaltered oil whilst the maltene is equivalent to the product of severe biodegradation of maltene-I. This is consistent with maltene-I being the remnant of “original oil” trapped within the asphaltene matrix and protected from the effect of in-reservior biodégradation.Degradation of Nigerian asphaltenes by refluxing with ferric chloride-acetic anhydride or methanolic potassium hydroxide also releases soluble reaction products having the characteristics of unaltered oil such as the presence of n-alkanes having an unbiased distribution. These methods appear to be milder and more suitable than reducing metal reactions for releasing hydrocarbons occluded by asphaltenes.     

New and old arguments to the Eddington-Lemaǐtre model of the universe

The interpretation of the Lyman-α forests of quasars as suggested by Hoell and Priester (1991) supports a Friedmann-Lemaǐtre model for the universe. The components of the Hubble expansion rate are found by a linear regression of the square of the line-spacing parameter as a polynomial in the redshift 1 + z with a vanishing linear term. In this essay, we try to restrict the model to the special Eddington-Lemaǐtre model, which develops the deSitter expansion from the Einstein universe. We show the regression results under this restriction and discuss some of its consequences.     

东海及邻近地区岩石圈三维结构研究

文中首先对两条剖面的岩石圈结构进行了论述。以两条剖面的岩石圈结构作为约束,采用小波分解、全磁纬变倾角化极和地热场反演岩石圈底界等项技术,获取了研究区沉积基底面、莫霍面和岩石圈底界面在三维空间的展布以及岩浆岩的分布。在此基础上论述了岩石圈各层的展布及岩石圈三维结构单元的划分,认为东海陆架盆地的东部凹陷带为寻找油气最有利的地区,冲绳海槽为弧后盆地,钓鱼岛岩浆岩带为中酸性岩浆岩带,吐嘎喇火山带为当今火山弧,琉球岛弧为欧亚板块裂离部分,琉球岛弧东部斜坡为古东海大陆架的陆坡,位于此陆坡上的凹陷为弧前盆地。     

共轭伸展褶劈理夹角的定量解析

９０ 年代初以来,中国地质学者先后在浙、皖、赣、湘的“板溪群”及震旦系中发现了古生代的生物化石。因此,再次将“板溪群”是否是前震旦纪的一个变质地层单位、江南古陆是否存在以及华南大地构造格局是否需要重新厘定等问题提了出来。１９９３ 年笔者于赣东北蛇绿混杂岩带内的“双桥山群”岩块中,首次发现了含晚古生代的放射虫硅质岩。１９９６ 年又在该混杂岩带多处的“双桥山群”岩块和“下震旦统志棠组”中找到了含晚古生代的放射虫硅质岩,还首次在“登山群拔竹坑组”中发现了早古生代的几丁虫化石。经数年野外多次观察和对室内化石鉴定、岩石地球化学测试结果以及岩石学特征的综合分析表明,所发现的含晚古生代放射虫硅质岩及其岩石组合是一套洋盆深水相沉积;登山群拔竹坑组,是早古生代的一套浅水陆棚 深水陆棚 半深海相沉积。结合同行学者在邻区“板溪群”研究方面取得的新成果,笔者认为：“板溪群”不是前震旦纪的一个变质地层单位,而是一个复杂的构造岩带,江南古陆是不存在的,华南从早古生代到中生代早期还经历了一次洋盆演化过程,现在的构造格局是印支运动奠定的     

New insights on the relative contributions of coastal processes and tectonics to shore platform development following the Kaikōura earthquake

We describe the immediate impact of the 14 November 2016 Kaikōura magnitude 7.8 (Mw) earthquake on shore platforms and cliffs around Kaikōura Peninsula. The earthquake caused an instantaneous uplift of ~1.01 m of the peninsula. We resurveyed seven profiles previously used for erosion monitoring and observed changes in the configuration of the shoreline. The coseismic uplift has fundamentally changed the process regime operating on the platforms and altered the future trajectory of shore platform and cliff development. Our observations highlight the interplay of waves, weathering, biology and tectonics. At this location tectonism strongly modulates the process regime, driving instantaneous changes in morphology and altering rates and patterns of erosion. Finally, the uplift of the Kaikōura coast has implications for changing resilience to climate change and sea level rise. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Contemporary Refugee‐Border Dynamics and the Legacies of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference

While the geopolitical legacies of the World War I peace negotiations are widely recognized, this article examines the often overlooked connection between the WWI Paris Peace Conference's spatial and geopolitical logics and contemporary refugee‐border dynamics. We argue that the spatial and geopolitical logics that framed the WWI Paris Peace Conference—the creation of new states, the propagation of the Western ideal of bounded sovereign states, the nationalist goals of self‐determination and homogeneous ethnic nations, and the establishment of a system of international governance—continue to impact refugee‐border dynamics and “crises” today. The categories, ideals, and practices of the international refugee regime that emerged over the last one‐hundred years stem in great part from these logics. In this paper, we urge critical contemplation about how these foundations—including the establishment of the post of High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the resultant Nansen Passports, the post‐WWI minority treaties, and lastly the 1933 Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees—connect to contemporary human (im)mobility and border violence. We also introduce the articles in this special issue and highlight key themes and future directions for research in critical migration studies.     

柴达木盆地宗马海湖地区钾盐矿床成矿规律与成矿预测研究

研究区位于柴达木盆地北部边缘,属柴达木盆地中—新生代盐类成矿区。该次研究了浅部、中深部及深层储层特征、卤水钾盐的赋存规律及构造控矿理论。浅部卤水钾盐依据KCl含量,分为工业品位区、边界品位区、有浅层卤水区及无浅层卤水区。中深部卤水钾盐分布于山间古冲洪积平原(Ⅰ■)和马海湖次级洼陷(Ⅰ■)中,矿层厚度较大的区域在马海湖次级洼陷(Ⅰ■)北部,主要分布于全新统—更新统含盐系中,计算深度297.22m。深部卤水钾盐,厚度较薄者分布于冷湖六号、冷湖七号构造以北地区的一层至数层的砂岩及砂砾岩层中,自南东向北西由深变浅,分布于上新统,含卤水层段厚约50～250m。厚度较大者分布在赛什腾山山前冲洪积带,北至驼南断裂,南大致至ZK4012孔一线,孔隙卤水层累计深度达1265.14m,分布于全新统—上新统,是今后寻找深层卤水钾盐矿最重要的找矿区域。     

A high-resolution14C dated sediment sequence from southwest Sweden: age comparisons between different components of the sediment

A macrofossil-rich glaciomarine–marine–lacustrine sediment from a soft-water lake in southwestern Sweden has provided an opportunity to ¹⁴C date different components of its sediments. Bulk sediment dates are 100 to 500 yr older than fragile terrestrial macrofossils of corresponding levels, with a mean age difference of ca. 300 yr. This is explained by the presence of old and reworked organic material in the sediment. Five age comparisons between terrestrial macrofossils and periostraca of marine bivalves (probably Arctica islandica) of Allerød age give a mean age difference of 380 yr, i.e. slightly greater than the present reservoir age of 340 ± 30 yr for the Swedish west coast. This difference is roughly the same as for the marine macroalga Desmarestia aculeata. A date from shell carbonate fragments of Mytilus edulis yields an age that is more than 1000 yr older than corresponding periostraca and terrestrial macrofossils and 500–1000 yr older than the age of the supposed deglaciation of the site. Altogether this indicates a larger marine reservoir effect during the Allerød than at present. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

福建煤系石墨资源状况和开发前景

福建省煤系石墨赋存于中二叠统童子岩组,是无烟煤受高温高压作用进一步变质而成,属隐晶质石墨。通过调查发现,福建省煤系石墨矿井、勘查区处于未开采或停采状态,开采矿区也多以煤炭开采的形式生产销售,造成资源浪费。为合理开发利用煤系石墨资源,采用d₀₀₂（碳层间距）-R₂（拉曼参数）模板鉴别煤系石墨并确定煤系石墨等级,结合区域构造的控制作用,划分了大田-漳平与永安-安溪石墨成矿区。在此基础上,综合实测数据和历年勘查资料分析,预测出永安长垇、永安下盖竹-甫弼-塘下洋、大田琼口-小溪洋-永安老鹰山、漳平可坑-乌石隔、漳平乌坑-华安福田5块煤系石墨资源远景区,其预测资源量8 196万t,展现了良好的开发前景。针对目前煤系石墨资源开发利用现状,提出“规范煤系石墨资源开采秩序、建立煤与煤系石墨鉴别指标并设立明确的煤矿与石墨矿权规范、优化石墨资源开发利用体系等”系列建议,以实现福建石墨产业结构协调化、技术高度化、产品系列化和价值链完整化。移动阅读      

中高纬大气环流异常和低纬30～60天低频对流活动对南海夏季风爆发的影响

利用1979-2003年NCAR/NCEP-2再分析全球日平均资料,及1979～2003年全球候平均的CMAP降水和NOAA日平均的向外长波辐射资料,分析了中高纬大气环流异常和低纬30～60天低频对流的活动对南海夏季风爆发迟早的影响.分析结果表明,当5月1～15日期间乌拉尔山及其以西地区对流层出现位势高度负距平(低频气旋)、中纬度大陆为位势高度正距平(低频反气旋)、我国东部沿岸地区为位势高度负距平(低频气旋)、鄂霍次克海地区为位势高度正距平(低频反气旋)时,副热带高压脊较早撤出南海,与此同时,孟加拉湾东部低频对流活跃东传,菲律宾南部周围低频对流发展西移,华南地区低频对流活动南移以及加里曼丹低频对流活跃北移.在这种情况下,南海夏季风爆发偏早.相反,当5月1～15日期间乌拉尔山及其以西地区对流层出现位势高度正距平(低频反气旋)、中纬度大陆为位势高度负距平(低频气旋)、我国东部沿岸地区为位势高度正距平(低频反气旋)、鄂霍次克海地区为位势高度负距平(低频气旋)时,副热带高压脊撤出南海较迟; 与此同时,孟加拉湾东部低频对流不活跃、东传晚,菲律宾南部周围低频对流不活跃、其西移与孟加拉湾东部低频对流的东传反位相,华南地区低频对流活动也不活跃,加里曼丹低频对流较弱.在这种情况下,南海夏季风爆发偏迟.