冬季东亚高空急流季节内协同变化及对我国东部降水的影响

利用ERA-Interim再分析资料,采用滤波和合成分析等统计方法,分析了冬季东亚高空急流的季节内协同变化以及对我国东部降水的影响,结果表明:在季节内尺度(10~90天)中,东亚地区冬季300 hPa逐日纬向风主要表现为准双周振荡(10~30天)。300 hPa低频纬向风异常整体向东传播,高纬的低频纬向风异常向南传播,低纬低频纬向风没有明显经向传播特征。伴随低频纬向西风从里海附近开始向东移动至西北太平洋上空,温带急流向东再向东南移动并且强度先增强再减弱,副热带急流位置没有明显变化,强度演变特征与温带急流变化相反。降水异常对300 hPa风场低频振荡有显著响应,低频降水主要出现在我国东部,随时间向东移动,移至西太平洋附近消失;受低频风场影响,温带急流偏强,副热带急流偏弱时,我国东部高空辐合,地面表现为低频高压,整层有较强下沉气流,地面为东北风控制,不易产生降水;温带急流偏弱,副热带急流偏强时,青藏高原北侧整层一致东风异常,南侧整层一致西风异常,使我国东部高空辐散,地面受低频低压控制,我国东部产生整层上升运动,并且有西南风水汽输送,水汽辐合,我国东部出现低频降水正异常。      

旋回性沉积序列的形成机理分析

旋回性特征是沉积岩层最为重要的属性之一,尤其在对于区域地质背景波动做出敏感响应的陆相盆地沉积序列当中更是如此。沉积岩层的韵律性或旋回性特征由岩层的岩石学性质在纵向上的（随时间的）有规律变化所决定,这些变化主要由以下方面所体现,包括:组分变化、粒度变化、颜色变化、沉积补偿强度变化、氧化还原强度变化,以及化石群性质变化等。研究表明,沉积岩层的韵律性或旋回性特征在一定程度上受海（湖）平面变化影响,但从更加广泛的意义上来看,应是沉积过程对于区域地质背景波动的响应,其主控因素是构造波动。     

基于精确Riemann求解器的明满流过渡过程模拟

Preissmann窄缝法模拟明满流过渡过程方法简单,但存在明显的非物理振荡,抑制非物理振荡是该方法应用的关键。基于Godunov格式和精确Riemann求解器对明满流过渡过程进行模拟,针对Riemann问题代数恒等式在明满流交界处不光滑问题,提出了三阶收敛方法与二分法结合的迭代求解方法,保证迭代收敛至真实解;针对由于变量空间重构方法不能准确表达变量在空间中真实物理状态而导致的非物理振荡,提出了基于精确Riemann解的变量空间重构方法,准确表达激波间断在单元内的空间分布状态,从机理上抑制了非物理振荡。实例研究表明,数值计算结果与解析解或实测值吻合良好,研究成果为明满流过渡过程的高精度数值模拟提供了新的方法。     

1995-2015年全球不同气候带典型冰川补给型湖泊动态变化

基于1995年、2005年和2015年3期Landsat影像数据,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,分析全球不同气候带典型冰川补给型湖泊面积、数量及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:①1995-2015年全球典型冰川补给型湖泊面积增加了2.32%,数量减少了2.26%,其中以小型湖泊（< 1 km2）和大型湖泊（>50 km2）面积变化最为剧烈,中型湖泊（1~50 km2）面积则相对稳定,1995-2005年冰川补给型湖泊面积与数量的变化速率相比2005-2015年较快。②1995-2015年热带、亚热带、温带冰川补给型湖泊面积与数量均在增加,其中以热带冰川补给型湖泊变化最为剧烈,其面积上升了20.62%,数量上升了25.32%,亚寒带与寒带冰川补给型湖泊面积与数量均减少,其中以寒带冰川补给型湖泊变化最为明显,其面积减少了11.3%,数量下降了18.97%。可为全球典型冰川补给型湖泊的变化及其影响因素的后续研究提供依据和参考。     

Sedimentology in metamorphic rocks,the Willyama Supergroup,Broken Hill,Australia

In the upper greenschist to granulite grade rocks of the Willyama Supergroup at Broken Hill, Australia, earlier recognition of metamorphosed graded bedding in siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks led to interpretations of these rocks as deep-water turbidites. However, graded beds can also be deposited in shelfal environments below storm wave base. This study identified other tempestite features including wave oscillation ripples, hummocky cross-stratification and swaley cross-stratification indicating that deposition took place above the wave base of the larger storms.

Albitised metasedimentary rocks of the upper Thackaringa Group show structures such as swaley cross-stratification typical of shallow-water conditions above fair-weather wave base. Deposition of the Broken Hill Group commenced with muddy Allendale Metasediments conformable on the Thackaringa Group. The Ettlewood Calc-Silicate Member, originally a dolomitic, siliceous sediment, is interpreted as coastal sabkha indicating onset of a marine transgression. The Parnell Gneiss represents a volcanic or volcaniclastic interruption, heralding gradually increasing input of sand in the Freyers Metasediments reaching a maximum in middle Freyers Metasediments, followed by an abrupt reversion to mud, still influenced by wave action. An open marine shelf is interpreted, possibly 30 m deep (no more than 100 m) in the final stage of a developing rift. The Broken Hill Group terminated with the massive Hores Gneiss volcanic unit.

Sedimentation of the siliciclastic Sundown Group took place in similar conditions, commencing with a muddy interval overlying the Hores Gneiss. The shallowing produced by ～90 m thickness of volcanic/volcaniclastic Hores Gneiss was compensated by subsidence.

Paragon Group deposition commenced with substantial black mud, resulting from isolation from the sand supply and probably isolation from the sea. A fresh connection to the sea led first to the deposition of dolomitic carbonate (King Gunnia Calc-Silicate Member), then to deposition of parallel-laminated fine sand below wave base (upper Cartwrights Creek Metasediments), followed by ripple cross-laminated sand above wave base (Bijerkerno Metasediments). The Dalnit Bore Metasediments show abundant very thin graded silt–mud units possibly deposited below storm wave base, and thicker units of stacked wave oscillation ripples deposited above the wave base of larger storms.

The Broken Hill orebody is hosted by altered Broken Hill Group metasedimentary rocks deposited at water depths of ～30 m. Unless the ore fluid temperature was less than 150°C, it is likely that the orebody formed below the seafloor: at such shallow-water depths, the confining pressure would be inadequate to suppress boiling of hotter rising hydrothermal fluids.     

内蒙锡林浩特晚石炭世辉长质岩体的成因:陆内伸展背景下富水地幔源区熔融的产物

内蒙中部晚石炭世岩浆活动的成因及动力学背景对于揭示古亚洲洋俯冲和兴蒙造山带演化的具有重要意义。本文选取锡林浩特南部晚石炭世辉长质侵入体为研究对象,开展高精度SIMS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主微量和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析,旨在讨论其岩石成因,为制约兴蒙造山带的演化和理解深部流体循环过程提供更多信息。辉长质岩体样品的锆石CL图像呈弱环状结构、条带状或岩浆生长带(Th/U=0. 3～2. 5)。SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,锡林浩特辉长质岩体的侵位年龄为316. 9±2. 2Ma,为兴蒙造山带晚石炭世区域性岩浆活动的产物。该岩体经历了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,但受堆晶作用和地壳物质混染作用的影响较小;同时具有较低的87Sr/86Sr初始比值(0. 7034～0. 7041),但相对高的εNd(t)(+5. 58～+6. 88)和εHf(t)值(+12. 07～+13. 44),并显示Rb、Sr、U和Pb等流体活动性元素相对富集,但Nb和Ta等非流体活动性元素相对亏损的特征,暗示其起源于遭受含水流体交代富集的地幔源区。流体交代富集作用很可能发生在源区部分熔融过程中或者在部分熔融之前较短的时间内,即反映较为年轻的交代事件。锡林浩特辉长闪长岩具有相对较高的Si O_2(51. 7%～53. 2%)、Cr (138. 4×10~(-6)～757. 2×10~(-6))和Ni (50. 4×10-6～141. 1×10~(-6))含量以及Zn/Fe比值(10. 8～11. 5),但相对较低的Al2O3(13. 1%～16. 8%)含量,暗示源区可能富含斜方辉石,由橄榄岩+辉石岩脉组成。通过对比总结兴蒙造山带晚石炭世岩浆岩岩石组合的地球化学特征以及其他地质资料,本文认为古亚洲洋在晚石炭世之前已经闭合,而锡林浩特辉长质岩体形成于陆内伸展的构造背景。结合同期玄武岩母岩浆的高含水量特征(高达4. 41%),本文认为锡林浩特及其邻区晚石炭世岩浆活动是遭受地幔转换带滞留俯冲板块析出富水流体交代的地幔源区部分熔融的产物,从而建立了深部流体循环过程与造山后伸展背景下岩浆活动的成因联系。     

地表植被覆盖度遥感估算及其气候效应研究进展

FVC是研究表植被覆盖的重要参数,其估算精度直接影响生态、环境变化研究结论的科学性。本文通过研究用于FVC计算的遥感数据,以及统计模型、混合像元分解、数据挖掘等估算方法和植被覆盖变化气候效应,指出大数据时代背景下融合海量、多平台、多时空、多尺度数据的FVC估算是必然趋势,其方法不仅具有高精度、高可靠性等特点,而且将向智能化、自动化的方向发展,植被覆盖变化气候效应研究将逐步定量化,地气作用过程和机理将成为其重要的研究方向。     

The spatio-temporal development of Copenhagen’s bicycle infrastructure 1912–2013

Cycling plays an important role in low-carbon transitions. Around the globe, cities are constructing bicycle infrastructure. The city of Copenhagen has a bicycle-friendly infrastructure celebrated for its fine-meshed network. This study documents the spatio-temporal development of Copenhagen’s bicycle infrastructure and explores how the development corresponds to other processes of urban transformation. The study builds on historical maps of bicycle infrastructure that are digitised into geographical information, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of the formation of the network. In search for identifying drivers, the study analyses the city’s spatial growth pattern, migration pattern, development of road network and changes in the transport culture. Analyses reveal that the bicycle infrastructure expanded at a relatively constant pace during distinct periods of urban transformation, including periods when the city suffered from spatial, economic and demographic decline, and dominance of car traffic. By discussing reasons and demands for constructing bicycle infrastructure, the study identifies four distinct periods in which bicycle infrastructure was constructed to enhance comfort and safety (first cycling city); the flow for cars (car city); urban liveability for soft transport (liveable city); and, finally, to improve the flow for cyclists as part a strategic re-design of urban space (liveable cycling city).     

Geochemical characteristics of Holocene aeolian deposits and their environmental significance in the Mu Us Desert,northern China

This paper addresses the surface and Holocene aeolian deposits in the southeastern Mu Us Desert, N. China, systematically analysing the evolution of the geochemical characteristics of aeolian sand–palaeosol sequences and their environmental significance. Our results indicate that the geochemical components of the Holocene aeolian deposits and surface deposits had the similar material sources, sediment transport and deposition processes in the study region, which were dominated by SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Na₂O. In the weathering process of the Jinjie (JJ) profile, the Na, K, and Si presented the slight leaching and migration in general, while the other elements were relatively accumulated. The Holocene aeolian deposits and surface deposits incurred weaker geochemical weathering under cold and dry conditions and were only weakly leached, which implies a relatively arid environment in the Holocene epoch and the modern era. The weathering degree was controlled by the regional temperature and precipitation, and was probably more sensitive to the precipitation changes. In the sedimentary profile, the geochemical parameters and migration of elements demonstrated that there have been several alternating warm–wet and cold–dry intervals in the Mu Us Desert in the Holocene epoch; there were relatively warm and wet conditions prior to 4.6 ka, and it has been cold and dry since then. Six millennial‐scale dry events were recorded during the Holocene, which were not only accordant with the history of palaeoclimatic changes in the different latitudes and archives of the Northern Hemisphere, but also correspond to the millennial‐scale variation of cosmic radiation and solar activity during that period. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南空中水资源的季节变化研究

用1961—2008年NOAA的月平均再分析资料和1980—2006年云南5个探空站的资料,采用大气可降水量和水汽通量公式计算分析大气可降水量和水汽通量,并用线性趋势分析其变化特征。结果表明：云南四季的可降水量北少南多,呈“u”型分布,夏季最大,冬季最小。对云南地区四季的水汽通量分析表明,四季的水汽净收入主要集中在对流层低层;地面-300hPa的水汽净收入在夏季最大、秋季次之,而冬季最小。云南经向的水汽输送和纬向的水汽输送呈反相关,近48年,云南四季水汽呈增加趋势,其中夏季增加最多,春季次之。