Movement of large gas bubbles in unsaturated fine‐grained sediments

Abstract

Where undissolved gas occurs within fine‐grained marine sediments it usually takes the form of discrete bubbles that are much larger than the normal void spaces. The possibility of buoyancy‐induced movement of these relatively large bubbles must be included when considering the transport of gas through marine sediments. A theoretical analysis shows that, under static loading conditions, bubbles larger than a critical size should have sufficient buoyancy to move upward through a fine‐grained sediment stratum, whereas bubbles smaller than the critical size should remain fixed in position. The critical radius is directly proportional to sediment shear strength, and bubbles of a realistic size should move upward only in extremely weak sediments. Further theoretical analysis shows that the critical bubble size is reduced under cyclic loading conditions, but movement of typical‐sized bubbles should still be restricted to sediments of low shear strength. A simple laboratory experiment provides support for the conclusions of the theoretical analysis. The results indicate that buoyancy‐induced movement of relatively large gas bubbles in fine‐grained sediments is most likely to occur under storm loading conditions and is unlikely to occur at depths greater than a few meters below the seabed.     

Response of offshore piles embedded in cemented and noncemented calcareous sediments

Abstract

A nonlinear pile‐soil interface model incorporated in a boundary element analysis is presented to simulate both the static and cyclic behavior of piles embedded in cemented and noncemented calcareous sediments. Based on the soil parameters derived from model test data, theoretical predictions are made for a few field tests. Finally, theoretical solutions are obtained for a full‐scale hypothetical pile embedded in homogeneous and layered calcareous sediments.     

松科1井南孔白垩系青山口组一段沉积序列精细描述:岩石地层、沉积相与旋回地层

中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探松科1井南孔连续取青山口组一段岩心81.41m,收获率为100%。青一段沉积时期应与土仑阶对应。通过对松科1井南孔青一段岩心的精细描述,揭示其岩性-岩相-旋回的沉积序列及其过程。青一段识别出6种岩石类型(泥岩、白云岩、泥灰岩、重结晶灰岩、介形虫灰岩和火山灰)。相类型为深湖亚相以及白云岩沉积、泥灰岩沉积、灰岩沉积、深湖浊流沉积、火山灰沉积和深湖静水泥沉积共6种沉积微相。青一段中可识别的米级旋回(六级旋回)有4种类型,可划分出81个米级旋回。这些米级旋回叠加成25个五级旋回、6个四级旋回,识别出1个三级旋回界面。对青山口组一段暗色泥岩、白云岩、火山灰等特殊事件层的精细刻画对于松辽盆地的缺氧事件、烃源岩、湖海沟通事件研究具有重要意义。     

Concept of critical void ratio used in estimating dynamic stability of sands

Some authors use the concept of critical void ratio of sands to describe sand behavior under dynamic load. This paper presents a new procedure of experimental determination of the critical void ratio of sands under consolidated undrained triaxial compression. At present, there is no technical possibility for determining the critical void ratio of sand under dynamic loads, particularly in shear zones. The mechanism of dynamic load is such that both pore pressure and effective stresses (indirect indicators of the change in the void ratio of sand under undrained conditions) change several times, even during one cycle. It is established that, because of dynamic loading, saturated sands of any density tend to the state of zero dynamic dilatancy when shear zones of constant thickness form in sands, where further strain accumulation is localized. The investigation into the state of zero dynamic dilatancy is fundamentally important for the estimation of the dynamic stability of sands.     

混凝土灌芯纤维增强石膏板T形节点构件抗震性能试验研究

本试验对4组混凝土灌芯纤维增强石膏板T形纵横墙节点构件进行了低周反复试验研究,分析了混凝土灌芯纤维增强石膏板T形节点构件在水平低周反复荷载和常竖向荷载共同作用下的抗震性能(包括承载能力、变形能力、刚度退化、滞回环和耗能能力)以及结构的破坏特征,并对不同配筋形式的构件作了相应对比分析,得出了混凝土灌芯纤维增强石膏板T形节点构件配置水平拉接筋形式可以取代配置箍筋形式和抗剪性能优于普通砌体纵横墙节点构件的结论,为混凝土灌芯纤维增强石膏板结构的纵横墙节点抗震设计提供一定的试验依据和理论指导。     

黏土地基中能量桩力学特性数值分析

能量桩是将地源热泵系统中的换热管埋置在桩体内部,桩同时起到承载和换热的作用,是一种新型的基础型式。为了合理分析黏土地基中能量桩的力学特性,需要了解能量桩运行过程中桩和地基土的温度响应,并考虑温度变化对土体力学性能的影响。基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了能量桩传热分析三维有限元模型,把能量桩的传热简化为换热管内液体与管壁之间的对流传热、桩体中的热传导和地基中的热传导,将计算结果与常规理论和实测数据进行了对比验证。对热力耦合边界面本构模型进行了二次开发,通过算例验证了模型对土体压缩和剪切性状温度效应的模拟能力。利用所提出的能量桩传热分析方法和热边界面模型,考虑不同的桩顶工作荷载水平,对正常固结黏土地基中能量桩单桩的长期性能进行了研究,分析了温度循环对桩顶沉降、桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力的影响。结果表明,工作荷载越高,温度循环次数越多,桩顶累积沉降越大。     

三明治形加筋土筋-土界面动力剪切特性

三明治形加筋土是一种在黏土中加入加筋砂层形成的混合填料形式的新型加筋土。为了研究不同条件下三明治形加筋土筋-土界面的动力剪切特性,采用大型直剪仪对三明治形加筋土进行了一系列循环剪切试验,研究了不同薄砂层厚度、循环剪切幅值和竖向应力对界面剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明：筋-土界面的剪应力峰值随着循环次数的增加而增加,循环周次为10时,薄砂层厚度为5、6、7、8、9 mm的条件下,筋-土界面的剪应力峰值分别为24.84、27.4、27.94、26.33、24.68 kPa,表明薄砂层厚度为7 mm时,筋-土界面在循环剪切阶段的峰值剪应力最大;剪切幅值越大,界面循环剪切的最终剪缩量越大,同一循环次数对应的剪切刚度和阻尼比越小;在不同竖向应力下,界面在循环剪切过程中都发生了循环剪切硬化现象,循环周次为10时,竖向应力为30、60、90 kPa的条件下,筋-土界面的剪应力峰值分别为20.4、25.14、32.96 kPa,表明剪应力峰值随竖向应力的增大而增大,同一循环次数对应的剪切刚度也随竖向应力的增大而增大。     

华北克拉通北缘寒武系层序地层划分

华北克拉通北缘寒武系碳酸盐岩作为区域油气勘探的重要目标,其沉积环境演化和层序地层格架的研究对区域地层及有利储层定位具有重要指导意义,也为华北地区寒武系油气勘探提供线索。以大量露头剖面实测分析为基础,结合典型井录井、测井、微观显微镜下分析以及地化测试等数据资料,在年代地层框架下进行旋回性地层分析研究,对华北克拉通北缘寒武系岩性、岩相以及地层叠置样式进行详细剖析,研究沉积趋势变化,总结寒武系层序地层划分样式。研究认为：在全球海平面变化控制下,华北地区自府君山组开始,发育广泛的由南向北的持续海侵,在陆源碎屑供给以及碳酸盐岩加积作用的相互制约下,华北地区表现为碳酸盐台地的形成-发展-镶边过程;以张夏组为界,中-下寒武统表现为缓坡-陆棚的沉积环境,上寒武统为具镶边的台地沉积背景;在不同层位不同层序边界类型（I型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型）的分隔作用下,将华北克拉通北缘寒武系划分为7个可区域性对比的三级层序,各三级层序高水位体系域多表现厚层清水碳酸盐岩沉积的特点,且受不同程度白云石化作用,成为区域寒武系重要的有利油气储集层。     

Finite element analysis of deformation of pile groups for Xiangshui offshore wind power station

Xiangshui offshore wind power station is located in shore water near Chengang of Jiangsu province. As the pile groups of the wind turbines have complicated engineering characteristics, their design is one of the technical difficulties of the project. Deformation behaviors of the piles foundation of Xiangshui 2MW wind turbine generator system are computed and analyzed under static loads and cyclic wind loads. The results show that deformations of the foundation are allowable; and the deformations due to static loads are comparatively smaller than that under the containing cyclic wind loads condition. With the depth increasing, the horizontal displacement and its influence range decrease; while the maximal vertical settlement is steady and vertical influence range increases. Deformation characteristics of pile-soil system depend not only on the loads combination of the subject, but also on the soil conditions.     

Hyperelastic modelling of small‐strain stiffness anisotropy of cyclically loaded sand

Experimental evidence shows that soil stiffness at very small strains is strongly anisotropic and depends on the stress level and void ratio. In particular, stiffness anisotropy varies considerably in sand when subjected to cyclic loading, following the stress cycles applied. To model this behaviour, an innovative hyperelastic formulation based on the elastoplastic coupling is incorporated in a new kinematic hardening elastoplastic model. The proposed hyperelastic–plastic model is the first to be capable of correctly simulating all aspects of the small‐strain behaviour of granular materials subjected to monotonic and cyclic loads. This hyperelastic formulation is generally applicable to any elastoplastic model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.