放射性测量技术在油气勘查中的应用

本文介绍的油气勘查中的放射性测量，是一种油气普查新方法。它是利用油田上出现的负异常（或叫偏低场），反映了油气田的大体轮廓的基本原理进行的。前人及作者都取得了一定的工作成果。虽然取得了初步效果，但对机理等问题仍需进一步研究和完善。     

On-line estimation of nonlinear physical systems

Recursive algorithms for estimating states of nonlinear physical systems are presented. Orthogonality properties are rediscovered and the associated polynomials are used to linearize state and observation models of the underlying random processes. This requires some key hypotheses regarding the structure of these processes, which may then take account of a wide range of applications. The latter include streamflow forecasting, flood estimation, environmental protection, earthquake engineering, and mine planning. The proposed estimation algorithm may be compared favorably to Taylor series-type filters, nonlinear filters which approximate the probability density by Edgeworth or Gram-Charlier series, as well as to conventional statistical linearization-type estimators. Moreover, the method has several advantages over nonrecursive estimators like disjunctive kriging. To link theory with practice, some numerical results for a simulated system are presented, in which responses from the proposed and extended Kalman algorithms are compared.     

电视测井中的图象处理问题

电视测井采集到的原始视频图象经过几何空间变换,图像象素重采样,最终生成可供地质分析解释的井壁表面图象文件。此外,必须动态识别指北针的图像以确定井下探头的方位,并以识别的北方位为起点守成图象的几何空间变换。基于井场施工效率和井下探头的安全原因,探头井中以４ｃｍ／ｓ左右的速度下落,图像处理过程必须与探的落保持同步,因而还具有一定程度的实时性要求。     

The influence of turbidity currents and contour currents on the distribution of deep‐water sediment waves offshore eastern Canada

Sediment waves are commonly observed on the sea floor and often vary in morphology and geometry according to factors such as seabed slope, density and discharge of turbidity currents, and the presence of persistent contour currents. This paper documents the morphology, internal geometry and distribution of deep‐water (4000 to 5000 m) bedforms observed on the sea floor offshore eastern Canada using high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry data and seismic stratigraphy. The bedforms have wavelengths of >1 km but fundamentally vary in terms of morphology and internal stratigraphy, and are distinguished into three main types. The first type, characterized by their long‐wavelength crescentic shape, is interpreted as net‐erosional cyclic steps. These cyclic steps were formed by turbidity currents flowing through canyons and overtopping and breaching levées. The second type, characterized by their linear shape and presence on levées, is interpreted as net‐depositional cyclic steps. These upslope migrating bedforms are strongly aggradational, indicating high sediment deposition from turbidity currents. The third type, characterized by their obliqueness to canyons, is observed on an open slope and is interpreted as antidunes. These antidunes were formed by the deflection of the upper dilute, low‐density parts of turbidity currents by contour currents. The modelling of the behaviour of these different types of turbidity currents reveals that fast‐flowing flows form cyclic steps while their upper parts overspill and are entrained westward by contour currents. The interaction between turbidity currents and contour currents results in flow thickening and reduced sediment concentration, which leads to lower flow velocities. Lower velocities, in turn, allow the formation of antidunes instead of cyclic steps because the densiometric Froude number (Fr′) decreases. Therefore, this study shows that both net‐erosional and net‐depositional cyclic steps are distributed along channels where turbidity currents prevail whereas antidunes form on open slopes, in a mixed turbidite/contourite system. This study provides insights into the influence of turbidity currents versus contour currents on the morphology, geometry and distribution of bedforms in a mixed turbidite–contourite system.     

黏土中两种不同直径单桩水平循环加载模型试验与分析

为探讨海上风机在风、浪等水平往复循环荷载下大直径单桩基础的循环弱化特性,设计了稳定输出长期循环荷载的机械加载装置,开展了软黏土中长期水平循环荷载下海上风电大直径单桩基础和传统长桩基础的模型试验对比研究。根据API给出的骨干曲线和Masing二倍准则构建循环荷载下的p-y（荷载-位移）曲线,并借鉴前人工作,采用累积塑性应变描述软黏土的不排水抗剪强度弱化,提出了分析大周数水平循环荷载下单桩基础循环弱化的理论方法。该方法将循环荷载次数、幅值等外界条件与桩周土体的循环弱化特性建立联系,以适应海洋环境复杂多变的水平循环荷载形式。通过模型试验和理论研究认为,大直径单桩基础因刚度较大,在同样的水平力循环荷载条件下,其抵抗循环荷载的能力明显优于传统长桩。在海上风机大直径单桩的设计中采用基于黏土残余强度的循环后稳定水平承载力更为合理。     

碳糊电极循环伏安法测定γ－和β－二氧化锰物相

利用碳糊电极循环伏安法对γ－ＭｎＯ＿２和β－ＭｎＯ＿２进行了定量分析，相对于２００．０ｍｇ碳粉的线性范围分别为γ－ＭｎＯ＿２９．１３～４５，６ｍｇ；β－ＭｎＯ＿２４．５６～３６．５ｍｇ，在线性范围内测量７次，其ＲＳＤ分别为０．５９％～５．２８％和Ｏ％～５．７２％。同时对γ－ＭｎＯ＿２和β－ＭｎＯ＿２的混合试样及湘潭电解二氧化锰也进行了定量测定，其平均相对误差分别为２．０１％～１２．４％和１．９６％～７．５２％。该方法进行物相分析，具有简便、快速、灵敏、经济和不经化学分离等特点。     

非迭代,非线性二维重力反演计算方法

本文叙述了非迭代、非线性二维重力反演方法的原理、模型计算及应用效果等。与以往诸多的求界面重力反演方法相比,该法的主要特点是：将界面的深度用一幂级数的形式表示,且幂级数系数的计算与界面上下地层的密度差无关。因此,一旦求出了幂级数的系数,由界面的密度差可直接得到界面的深度,且幂级数收敛的速度很快。     

Effect of Multipoint Heterogeneity on Nonlinear Transformations for Geological Modeling： Porosity-Permeability Relations Revisited

An analysis of statistical expected values for transformations is performed in this study to quantify the effect of heterogeneity on spatial geological modeling and evaluations. Algebraic transformations are frequently applied to data from logging to allow for the modeling of geological properties. Transformations may be powers, products, and exponential operations which are commonly used in well-known relations (e.g., porosity-permeability transforms). The results of this study show that correct computations must account for residual transformation terms which arise due to lack of independence among heterogeneous geological properties. In the case of an exponential porosity-permeability transform, the values may be positive. This proves that a simple exponential model back-transformed from linear regression underestimates permeability. In the case of transformations involving two or more properties, residual terms may represent the contribution of heterogeneous components which occur when properties vary together, regardless of a pair-wise linear independence. A consequence of power- and product-transform models is that regression equationswithin those transformations need corrections via residual cumulants. A generalization of this result isthat transformations of multivariate spatial attributes require multiple-point random variable relations. This analysis provides practical solutions leading to a methodology for nonlinear modeling using correct back transformations in geology.     

随机地震荷载作用下饱和粉土的液化特性

为了考虑随机地震荷载作用下饱和粉土的液化特性，研究了如何通过合理的地震响应分析确定饱和粉土层受到的随机地震荷载，进一步探讨了随机地震荷载作用下的动三轴试验技术，以及利用此种试验分析饱和粉土液化特性的方法。研究结果为形成判别饱和粉土层地震液化可能性的新方法提供了依据。