火山岩相的岩屑识别——以松辽盆地南部东岭探区为例

以松辽盆地南部东岭探区为例,建立了用火山岩钻井岩屑来确定火山岩亚相的方法和工作流程。首先辨别真假岩屑,然后用真岩屑制片并进行薄片鉴定。根据火山岩显微镜下的岩性、结构和构造特征与火山岩岩相和亚相的对应关系确定其所对应的火山岩岩相和亚相。岩屑法对于厚度在一个采样间距（1 m）以上的火山岩层段可以准确定出火山岩亚相,与岩心鉴定结果的符合率大于90％。此外,该方法亦可校正录井岩性。用该方法对东岭地区15口探井火山岩段的录井岩性岩相进行了识别校正,提高了井间岩性岩相和储层对比的精度。     

顺层岩体路堑边坡稳定性的弹塑性有限元模拟分析

基于理想弹塑性本构模型和Drucker-Prager准则,运用岩体力学理论、有限元数值模拟技术和强度折减原理,对顺层岩体路堑边坡在开挖过程中不同阶段的应力、变形、结构面上的摩擦力和边坡的稳定性等问题进行了模拟分析。分析表明,顺层岩体路堑边坡的应力场、位移场、结构面的接触状况以及边坡的稳定性明显受开挖效应的影响;在每一阶段的开挖面上,坡脚附近的水平位移量最大,最危险接触面也都集中在开挖形成的坡脚处,此处岩石最先脱落破坏;边坡的稳定性安全系数也随着开挖阶段的深入而逐渐降低。     

青藏铁路昆仑山口高含冰量冻土区路堑爆破施工工艺研究

在某些特定条件下, 高含冰量冻土区路堑暖季施工难以避免, 从而使得施工风险、施工技术与施工组织的难度均大为增加. 通过青藏铁路一典型工程实例, 介绍在暖季进行高含冰量冻土区路堑爆破开挖应遵循的基本原则, 以及所采用的爆破方案、技术与主要工艺措施, 并提出其施工技术的核心是突出一个"快" 字.     

顺层路堑边坡锚杆支护稳定性的有限元模拟分析

基于理想弹塑性本构模型和Drucker-Prager准则,运用ANSYS软件和有限元数值模拟技术,建立了顺层岩体边坡的有限元分析模型。结合沪蓉国道主干线宜昌至恩施公路白氏坪-榔坪段顺层路堑高边坡工程实例,对顺层岩体路堑边坡布设锚杆支护前后的应力、变形和稳定性进行了模拟分析。分析比较表明,锚杆支护结构可以减小边坡临界状态下的最大位移、增大最危险接触面的摩擦力和提高边坡的稳定性系数,从而能有效地提高边坡的稳定性以防止顺层滑坡的发生。     

山西腰站矿区ZK6004孔烧钻事故的处理

山西腰站矿区施工的ZK6004钻孔,设计孔深1450 m,地层复杂,而且全孔漏失,极易发生烧钻事故。就该孔连续发生的2次烧钻事故,进行了事故原因分析、处理方法的经验介绍。2次烧钻事故的处理过程中,根据实际不同情况,分别采用了掏眼法和冲砸法。这是深孔烧钻事故处理新方法、新尝试。同时总结了漏失深孔烧钻事故的预冲孔经验及预防措施。对于今后在复杂漏失地层深斜钻孔的施工有一定的借鉴价值。     

基于斜率收敛的隧道断面点云截取方法研究

介绍一种基于斜率收敛的三维激光扫描隧道断面点云数据的提取方法,以适用于没有隧道中线数据的断面点云截取,实现了由斜率限差的迭代计算来控制中心线的拟合精度。     

Morphological changes in development of pharyngeal teeth inMylopharyngodon piceus

Adult pharyngeal teeth inMylopharyngodon piceus are molariform. Based on SEM observations of the developing teeth, this paper describes the morphological diversification of pharyngeal teeth inM. piceus. The larval and juvenile teeth are changed from conical to adult molariform teeth through seven stages. Comparisons are made between each stage and corresponding types in some species of different subfamilies in Cyprinidae. It is considered that the ontogenetic resemblances of the pharyngeal teeth bear relationship to the phylogeny of cyprinids. This project was funded by the International Cooperation of Japan—China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Numerical simulation of the fracture process in cutting heterogeneous brittle material

The process of cutting homogeneous soft material has been investigated extensively. However, there are not so many studies on cutting heterogeneous brittle material. In this paper, R‐T^2D (Rock and Tool interaction), based on the rock failure process analysis model, is developed to simulate the fracture process in cutting heterogeneous brittle material. The simulated results reproduce the process involved in the fragmentation of rock or rock‐like material under mechanical tools: the build‐up of the stress field, the formation of the crushed zone, surface chipping, and the formation of the crater and subsurface cracks. Due to the inclusion of heterogeneity in the model, some new features in cutting brittle material are revealed. Firstly, macroscopic cracks sprout at the two edges of the cutter in a tensile mode. Then with the tensile cracks releasing the confining pressure, the rock in the initially high confining pressure zone is compressed into failure and the crushed zone gradually comes into being. The cracked zone near the crushed zone is always available, which makes the boundary of the crushed zone vague. Some cracks propagate to form chipping cracks and some dip into the rock to form subsurface cracks. The chipping cracks are mainly driven to propagate in a tensile mode or a mixed tensile and shear mode, following curvilinear paths, and finally intersect with the free surface to form chips. According to the simulated results, some qualitative and quantitative analyses are performed. It is found that the back rake angle of the cutter has an important effect on the cutting efficiency. Although the quantitative analysis needs more research work, it is not difficult to see the promise that the numerical method holds. It can be utilized to improve our understanding of tool–rock interaction and rock failure mechanisms under the action of mechanical tools, which, in turn, will be useful in assisting the design of fragmentation equipment and fragmentation operations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

虚拟地理环境视景研究

叙述了如何生成基于真实地形数据的、具有逼真地球表面文化特征和自然景象的虚拟地理环境视景,主要论述了虚拟地理环境视景生成平台的构成、设计、模型的构建、离散模型的连接组合、光照技术、天空模型、特殊效果的绘制、分割调度的应用等技术。     

降雨对花岗岩风化层路堑边坡滑动模式影响

降雨引起路堑边坡的浅层局部滑动是工程中常见的现象,但其内在原因的研究尚不充分。为此,以福建省云平高速云霄段花岗岩风化层中的某两级路堑边坡为例,采用饱和和非饱和土抗剪强度理论,按照强度折减有限元方法分析了该边坡在一般工况、地下水渗流工况和降雨入渗工况下的滑动模式。结果表明:一般工况下该边坡滑动模式为深层整体滑动;地下水渗流作用可使边坡由深层滑动模式向浅层滑动模式转化;长时小或中等降雨作用下坡体内出现三道滑动面,且一级边坡内滑动面最先贯通,滑坡模式由深层整体滑动向浅层局部滑动演化。短时强降雨作用下仅在一级边坡内出现贯通的滑动面,即由整体滑动模式完全转变为浅层局部滑动模式。降雨工况越不利表现越为明显,与实际滑坡现象相吻合,且安全系数不满足规范要求,从而从理论上验证了该路堑边坡发生浅层局部滑动的必然性。此外,为避免花岗岩风化层路堑边坡在降雨入渗下发生浅层局部滑动,对假设的不同放坡方案进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明,适当放缓坡率可使一级边坡内不出现滑动面,滑坡模式仍为较深位置的整体滑动,且安全系数可得到有效提高,使其满足规范要求。因此,实践中,采用文中方法对设计的类似地层中的路堑边坡事先进行降雨入渗影响下的模拟分析极为必要。将使放坡坡率更为科学合理,可在确保边坡整体稳定性的同时,极大降低其发生浅层局部滑动的可能性。