A new approach for the solution of the two-dimensional guillotine-cutting problem in ship production

A new approach has been developed for the arrangement of rectangular pieces in plates for the guillotine-cutting problem as encountered in ship production and similar manufacturing processes. The algorithm is quite novel in the sense that instead of making preliminary specifications and ignoring all the alternative arrangements, as is the case for most of the current models, it selectively considers feasible arrangements by eliminating the majority of the probable arrangements that render the problem insolvable. Intermediate steps of the algorithm produce results which cannot be obtained through integer programming. Losses are distributed to the minimum number of plates. The number of arrangement plans is also minimized. Overall the solution of the problem has been drastically simplified to allow even hand calculations instead of long computer runs.     

Monitoring of Over Cutting Area and Lubrication Distribution in a Large Slurry Pipe Jacking Operation

Slurry pipe jacking was firmly established as a special method for the non-disruptive construction of the underground pipelines of sewage systems. Pipe jacking, in its traditional form, has occasionally been used for short railways, roads, rivers, and other projects. Basically the system involves the pushing or thrusting of concrete pipes into the ground by a number of jacks. In slurry pipe jacking, during the pushing process, mud slurry and lubricant are injected into the face and the over cutting area that is between the concrete pipes and the surrounding soil. Next, the slurry fills voids and the soil stabilizes due to the created slurry cake around the pipes. Fillings also reduce the jacking force or thrust during operation. When the drivage and pushing processes are finished, a mortar injection into the over cutting area is carried out in order to maintain permanent stability of the surrounding soil and the over cutting area. Successful lubrication around the pipes is extremely important in a large diameter slurry pipe jacking operation. Control of lubrication and gaps between pipes and soil can prevent hazards such as surface settlement and increases in thrust. Also, to find voids around the pipes after the jacking process, in order to inject mortar for permanent stabilizing, an investigation around the pipes is necessary. To meet these aims, this paper is concerned with the utilization of known methods such as the GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) system and borehole camera to maintain control of the over cutting area and lubricant distribution around the pipes during a site investigation. From this point of view, experiments were carried out during a tunnel construction using one of the largest cases of slurry pipe jacking in Fujisawa city, Japan. The advantages and disadvantages of each system were clarified during the tests.     

立方氮化硼的应用与机械加工的技术进步

立方氮化硼内其具有“三高”特性，而成为一种理想的硬磨料得以发展，着重介绍了立方氮化硼磨具和刀具及其推广应用，并阐述其技术的发展对机械加工技术的进步具有重要的意义。     

聚能爆破在石材切割应用中的试验研究

摘 要 简单分析了聚能爆破装药在孔内爆破的力学效应‚阐明了聚能爆破对岩石定向破裂 的控制机理。在聚能爆破切割石材过程中‚聚能射流起到前期切割出定向裂缝的作用‚石材 的最终开裂由后期爆破产生的气体的准静态胀楔作用来完成。通过提高炸药爆速、增大装药 密度等方法可以提高聚能装药爆炸后形成射流的能量和改善聚能爆破切割石材的效果。     

顺层高边坡开挖松动区研究

开挖顺层岩石高边坡,往往需要进行预加固,因而合理确定坡体开挖松动区范围便成为核心问题。根据坡体开挖后的应力和位移状态,给出了开挖松动区的明确定义;结合重庆万州-梁平高速公路沿线各顺层高边坡失稳实例,对顺层高边坡开挖松动区进行了研究,简述了松动区的特点,分析了开挖松动区的影响因素。从岩体结构出发,以开挖深度和岩层倾角为主控元素,对顺层高边坡开挖松动区的长度进行了统计分析,结果表明：岩层倾角在15～30°的砂泥岩顺层高边坡最易产生开挖失稳,且松动区长度与开挖深度有关,二者比值较为集中地分布在2～5之间。     

动静组合加载下刀具破岩的力学模型

基于初始弹性和动静荷分工的假设,将动静复合加载下坚硬完整的脆性岩石的破碎过程分为弹性、损伤和断裂3阶段,综合运用弹性力学、岩石力学、损伤力学和断裂力学进行分析。由集中力作用下弹性半空间的应力场和单元体的剪切破坏,得出了岩石损伤的裂纹源和其曲线扩展路径;选定Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型裂纹作为动载冲击作用下压剪裂纹的扩展模式。提出了以冲击能（次数）来定义损伤度的方法。以相邻破碎坑的侧向裂纹扩展贯通作为岩石破碎的终点。本力学模型可以用于动静复合加载破碎岩石的系统仿真、数值模拟和机具设计。     

基于Drucker-Prager准则的扩孔器单齿正交切削岩土三维力学模型

扩孔器是定向穿越扩孔钻进阶段进行岩土切削的主要工具,合理的结构设计是提高扩孔时效、降低工程复杂问题出现几率的主要手段,且由于扩孔阶段是决定定向穿越工程工期的最主要阶段,因此,对扩孔器切削齿的切削效率进行深入研究是非常必要的。从单齿正交切削岩土的机制入手,综合考虑岩土与切削齿面之间的接触摩擦及岩土剪切区的剪切作用,分析了单齿正交切削岩土的力学特征,基于能够考虑中间主应力对岩土破坏影响的Drucker-Prager强度准则,推导了单齿正交切削岩土的主切削力与主切削力矩计算公式;在利用有限元计算程序对所推导公式进行验证的基础上,优选了剪切角计算模型,获得了不同岩土材料时的主切削力解析解,并分析了不同齿前角对主切削力的影响规律,从而获得单齿正交切削岩土的最优齿前角,为进一步研究扩孔器整体结构设计并针对不同岩土介质设计出适应性更强的扩孔器结构奠定基础。     

成都粘土路堑边坡防护研究

成都外环路高速公路东半环超过有20km的路段处在成都粘土分布区，针对成都粘土的易滑性，本文提出了全封闭的浆砌片石护坡，土钉墙，非全封闭的锚杆框架护坡，钢纤维混凝土喷锚全封闭护坡，重力式挡土墙等五种方法处理成都粘土路堑边坡工程，施工实践表明，这些方法行之有效，在该类土的边坡防护中值得推广。     

多年冻土区铁路路基病害整治

The paper analyses the treatment measurements of railway roadbed main diseases in permafrost regions. Taking lessons from the diseases finally the mature experiences of treatments are offered.     

Testing mathematical uranium migration models in combined ESR/U-series dating of fossil teeth from open-air sites

Several mathematical models have been suggested to describe uranium migration kinetics for ESR dating of fossil tooth. In the present study, different U-uptake models were used to calculate ages for fossil teeth from two open-air Paleolithic sites in Nihewan Basin – Donggutuo and Hougou and compared with independent age control of the sites. For Donggutuo site, the results show that the ages of three teeth calculated by EU and AU models were much younger than magnetostratigraphic age. At Hougou site, two teeth from the top of Nihewan lacustrine deposits give the consistent EU and AU ages within errors but younger than sediment OSL age. This study indicates that mathematical modeling could not always give convincing results for the open-air sites, which may experience dramatic hydrological variations and high erosion rates.