Numerical investigation on the penetration of gravity installed anchors by a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach

Gravity installed anchors (GIAs) are released from a height of 30–150 m above the seabed, achieving velocities up to 19–35 m/s at the seabed, and embed to depths of 1.0–2.4 times the anchor length. Challenges associated with GIAs include the prediction of anchor initial embedment depth, which determines the holding capacity of the anchor. Based on the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian approach, a numerical framework is proposed in this paper to predict the embedment depth of GIAs, considering the effects of soil strain rate, soil strain-softening and hydrodynamic drag (modeled using a concentrated force), with the anchor-soil friction described appropriately. GIAs are influenced by the hydrodynamic drag before penetrating into the soil completely, hence the anchor accelerates less than the previous investigations in shallow penetration, even decelerates directly at the terminal impact velocity. The hydrodynamic drag has more influence on OMNI-Max anchors (with an error of ∼4.5%) than torpedo anchors, and the effect becomes more significant with increasing impact velocity. An extensive parametric study is carried out by varying the impact velocity, strain rate and strain-softening parameters, frictional coefficient, and soil undrained shear strength. It is concluded that the dominant factor affecting the penetration is the soil undrained shear strength, then are the impact velocity, strain rate dependency and frictional coefficient, and the minimal is the strain-softening of soil. In addition, although the strain rate dependency is partly compensated by the softening, the anchor embedment depth accounting for the effects of strain rate and strain-softening is lower than that for ideal Tresca soil. Strain rate dependency dominates the combined effects of strain rate and strain-softening in the dynamic installation of GIAs, on which should pay more attention, especially for the calibration of the related parameters and the measured solutions. In the end, the theoretical model based on the bearing resistance method is extended by accounting for the hydrodynamic drag effect.     

利用 Argo 数据计算吕宋海峡以东海域水文特性参数和流场 *

利用2006年Argo浮标资料分析吕宋海峡以东海域水团季节特性和混合层的月平均变化规律;并分别利用Argo多年季节平均资料与2006年资料,以秋季为例,基于P矢量方法计算该区域流场;同时考虑风生流的影响,将所得结果分别与利用Levitus和高度计资料计算的流场进行比较。结果表明,水团特性季节变化不明显,春冬季表层水团与夏秋季比较表现为低温高盐;次表层、中层和深层季节变化不大;混合层深度明显表现为冬季最深、夏季最浅的季节性变化。利用2002—2009年Argo季节平均资料基于P矢量方法能得到地转流场的基本结构,与Levitus资料的计算结果相比较,除可以反映黑潮,还可以反映一些涡旋结构;利用2006年秋季Argo资料计算流场与高度计资料计算的地转流场比较,其流场结构位置吻合得比较好,但存在流速偏小等不足,这可能与Argo资料较少且分布不均以及插值误差等有关,但其可以获得流场的三维结构,而利用高度计资料计算只能得到表层流场结构。     

埕岛油田海域波—底相互作用

基于1976，1993年埕岛油田海域测深资料，应用HISWA浅水海浪数值计算模式，研究风暴浪入侵该海域导致的波-底相互作用后果。数值计算结果表明，海区固定点海底冲刷导致波场强化；波参数增量与冲刷深度有关；海底水质点轨道流速峰值，底摩擦耗散峰值及临界波高值相对水深分布均表明，该海域深水区海底冲刷将减弱，浅水区海底冲刷将加强。     

Influence of micrometeorological features on coastal boundary layer aerosol characteristics at the tropical station, Trivandrum

Characteristics of aerosols in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) obtained from a bistatic CW lidar at Trivandrum for the last one decade are used to investigate the role of ABL micro-meteorological processes in controlling the altitude distribution and size spectrum. The altitude structure of number density shows three distinct zones depending on the prevailing boundary layer feature; viz, the well-mixed region, entertainment region and upper mixing region. In the lower altitudes vertical mixing is very strong (the well-mixed region) the upper limit of which is defined as aerosol-mixing height, is closely associated with the low level inversion. The aerosol mixing height generally lies in the range 150 to 400 m showing a strong dependence on the vertical eddy mixing processes in ABL. Above this altitude, the number density decreases almost exponentially with increase in altitude with a scale height of 0.5–1.5 km. The aerosol mixing height is closely associated with the height of the Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL). Sea-spray aerosols generated as a result of the interaction of surface wind with sea surface forms an important component of mixing region aerosols at this location. This component shows a non-linear dependence on wind speed. On an average, depending on the season, the mixing region contributes about 10–30% of the columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 0.5Μm wavelength. A long term increasing trend (∼ 2.8% per year) is observed in mixing region AOD from 1989 to 1997. A study on the development of the aerosols in the nocturnal mixing region shows that the convectively driven daytime altitude structure continues to persist for about 4–5 hrs. after the sunset and thereafter the altitude structure is governed by vertical structure of horizontal wind. Stratified aerosol layers associated with stratified turbulence is very common during the late night hours.     

Field Survey of the 1996 Irian Jaya Earthquake Tsunami in Biak Island

Runup data in Biak Island and itsnearby islets are described with discussions oftsunami magnitude and a few characteristics such aswitnessed arrival times, wave periods and wavenumbers. From an engineering viewpoint, a relationbetween inundation depth and current velocity on landis also described with relations between inundationdepth and degree of damage to houses and between sanderosion depth and current velocity in backshoreregion, based on data collected from the present andpast tsunamis.     

观测深度对断层气（氡、汞）测量的影响

本文根据武山实验点1m、３m、5m三个深度的断层气Ｒn、Hg时值资料采用多元逐步回归分析方法，深入讨论了断层气测量中的干扰,重点研究了深度对断层气Rn、Hg测量的影响。结果表明：随着深度的增加，气象因素对断层气Rn,Hg测量的干扰减小，测量的可靠性测量；从Rn,Hg在垂直方向上的分布看，断层气Hg随着观测深度的增加含量增高，Rn的含量主要受岩性控制，与深度关系不密切。     

冀西北水晶屯金矿金及其指示元素的水平分带特征

对水晶屯金矿的地质特征进行了简要介绍，选择了对找金具有指示意义的８种元素，Ａｕ，Ａｓ，Ｓｂ，Ｈｇ，Ａｇ，Ｐｂ，Ｍｏ，Ｂｉ。详细讨论了金及其指示元素泊水平分带特征，这对评价该矿床的剥蚀程度，深部含矿性具有指导意义。     

岩质边坡锚杆挡墙设计中一些问题的探讨

由于多种原因，当前就岩质边坡而言，采用库伦理论计算的静止土压力与实际情况差异很大，作者从分析岩质边坡应力分布着手，充分运用“工程类比”方法，通过在一些工程中的探索，发现当前设计采用的“破裂面”理论不合理，进而提出将稳定边坡角以内的岩体作为稳定区考虑的设想，同时对锚固深度的确定也提出了建议，由于这一设计理论的变更，将产生更大的经济效益。     

Anomalously deep earthquakes in northwestern Italy

It is usually assumed that earthquakes in intraplate regions occur in the upper crust, and northwestern Italy is generally assigned to this kind of normal seismicity. In this work, the depth distribution of the events localized in this area by the Istituto Geofisico Geodetico (IGG) seismic network in the period 1991–1997 is analyzed in detail. In particular, the location capability of the network is discussed, adopting as reference quarry blasts (for the epicentral position) and the locations obtained from a dense temporary network (for the depth estimate). Within the so-obtained error limits, the depth distribution of events show a characteristic pattern: while for most of the area covered by the network the well-located seismicity lies within the first 20 km of depth, in a band following the inner arc of the Western Alps, numerous events have anomalously large focal depths, reaching a maximum of 114 km. These depth determinations cannot be attributed to instabilities of the location procedure: different choices of the propagation models used for the hypocentral determination led to very similar depth values, always significantly larger than the standard values for the surrounding areas. A strong correlation has been found between the 3-dimensional distribution of these foci and the P-wave propagation anomalies obtained from tomographic studies, suggesting a direct link between elastic and rheological properties of lower crust and upper mantle in this area.     

东北地区上地幔顶部深度及其深部构造特征

利用1/100万布格重力异常图,进行了东北地区上地幔顶部深度及其深部构造特征的研究.依据东北地学大断面深地震测深剖面的成果资料,参考本区及其邻区有关物探成果,结合东北地区复杂的地质构造背景,在东经115°～133°,北纬36°～50°范围内,切割了71条重力计算剖面,取得了10185个重力值。采用多边形线性积分与sinx/x计算方法,求得了东北地区上地幔顶部深度及其深部构造分布特征并对其进行了初步的分析与研究。