The Data Depth-weight-kernel Estimation of the Model Error of Satellite Orbit Determination

It is an objective fact that there exists error in the satellite dynamic model and it will be transferred to satellite orbit determination algorithm, forming a part of the connotative model error. Mixed with the systematic error and random error of the measurements, they form the unitive model error and badly restrict the precision of the orbit determination. We deduce in detail the equations of orbit improvement for a system with dynamic model error, construct the parametric model for the explicit part of the model and nonparametric model for the error that can not be explicitly described. We also construct the partially linear orbit determination model, estimate and fit the model error using a two-stage estimation and a kernel function estimation, and finally make the corresponding compensation in the orbit determination. Beginning from the data depth theory, a data depth weight kernel estimator for model error is proposed for the sake of promoting the steadiness of model error estimation. Simulation experiments of SBSS are performed. The results show clearly that the model error is one of the most important effects that will influence the precision of the orbit determination. The kernel function method can effectively estimate the model error, with the window width as a major restrict parameter. A data depth-weight-kernel estimation, however, can improve largely the robustness of the kernel function and therefore improve the precision of orbit determination.     

基于离散元方法的落石碰撞破碎研究

落石是山区公路边坡常见的地质灾害。落石撞击破碎是落石灾害中常见的现象,落石破碎致使运动轨迹改变往往会增大落石的危害性,但其通常未被考虑到落石的防护设计中。因此,落石破碎机理的研究对落石防护措施设计有重要的指导意义。本文运用离散元方法（离散元开源软件Esys-Particle）模拟落石铅直撞击地面的过程。在模型中,落石由大量的颗粒组成,并且相邻的颗粒由可断裂的黏结材料黏接;地面由一层固定的颗粒组成,从而模拟地面的摩擦、弹性变形性质。模型模拟出落石反弹、破碎和粉碎等过程,分析黏结材料的杨氏模量、颗粒间凝聚力和内摩擦角对落石撞击地面过程的影响,得出落石撞击过程中破坏率和动能的变化过程。研究发现：当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值较小时,落石将会发生反弹;当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值增大到一定程度时,落石将会破碎成不同大小的块体;当杨氏模量和凝聚力的比值超过一定限度时,落石将会破碎成非常细小的块体;内摩擦角的变化对撞击过程影响非常小。     

社会满意度调查在城市体检与评估中的应用

回顾满意度的概念内涵,在城市研究中的应用进展基础上,总结了北京城市体检及住建部城市体检工作中满意度调查的实施方案和主要分析结论,梳理了社会满意度调查的特征。研究表明,主观满意度数据相比客观数据更为鲜活,能够准确反映不同群体对城市发展的价值判断与意愿,体现居民的关注点,在分析中与人群属性链接可以深挖不同人群的主要诉求,并且根据体检评估对象情况,灵活设置指标和确定优劣等级,易于发现水平差异和问题短板。未来城市体检中应建立常态化城市体检社会满意度调查工作机制,注重与客观数据、市民热线数据等多源数据的融合,主客观相互印证来指导城市规划及管理,从而提升城市建设精细化水平。     

Overview of Ecological Restoration Technologies and Evaluation Systems

Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations of ecological technologies has thus far affected their effective application in vulnerable ecological regions. This study therefore provides an overview of the main technologies for remediating soil and water erosion, desertification, and rock desertification in China and throughout the world. It addresses key issues and recommends approaches for evaluating ecological restoration technologies. Restoration technology emerged as early as 1800. Over the years such technology has changed from single objective applications to multi-purpose, multi-objective applications employing strategies that take into account ecosystem rehabilitation and integrated ecological and socioeconomic development. Along with this technological evolution, different countries have taken pertinent actions as part of their restoration initiatives. However, key issues remain, including the lack of location-specific restoration technologies and a methodological strategy to assess and prioritize existing technologies. This study proposes a four-level analytical hierarchical framework in conjunction with an indicator system that highlights the establishment and adaptation of associative indicators, while also recommending a three-phase evaluation method (TheMert), targeting TheMert to qualitative (quick and extensive) and quantitative (detailed) evaluations in order to select the most appropriate restoration technologies available. This study can also be used as a basis for understanding the evaluation and prioritization of restoration technologies, while increasing the awareness of decision makers and the public on the role of technology in restoring degraded ecosystems.     

基于准三维有限元方法建立的地震活动模型

基于有限元方法,参照细胞自动机模型,建立了一个地震活动演化的动力学模型.在这个模型中,根据边界条件和单元介质参数的分布,利用有限元方法确定各单元的应力增长速率.每个单元设定初始应力和摩擦因数,利用破裂准则可得到单元破裂所需时间.当单元破裂后,将破裂单元作为内部边界,利用有限元方法计算由于这个单元破裂对系统其他单元造成的应力调整.根据上述规则,建立一个由30×40个节点组成,在定常位移速率边界条件作用下的地震活动模型,探讨了区域应力场的动态演化、地震活动图像和各种参数变化对地震活动的影响.结果表明该模型在研究地震活动方面有一定优势并具有实用价值.     

基于城市交通网络的广州“1小时交通圈”划分

“1 h交通圈”的确定对区域经济发展、城市远景规划,甚至居民的生产生活都有着重要影响。然而现有研究几乎都采用欧几里得距离（直线距离）方法定性地、粗略地表示“1 h交通圈”。为弥补这些不足,文章以广州为例,根据城市道路交通网络来划分广州“1 h交通圈”,定量并精确地分析该交通圈。结果表明：1）广州“1 h交通圏”覆盖了珠三角的9个主要城市,其中佛山受益最大;2）广州“1 h交通圈”的主要贡献对象是城际轨道交通和高速公路网;3）由于城市道路并非直线,广州“1 h交通圈”的范围集中在主城区的120 km缓冲区范围内;4）因为广州周边的交通网络发达,其“1 h交通圈”没有显现出很多的岛状区域。此外,广州“1 h交通圈”也对经济发展、政府服务、城市生活和基础设施建设有重要影响。     

Methods for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow

In order to thoroughly investigate the diversity of glacier microorganisms, four DNA extraction methods with different lysis patterns were tested and two screened methods (the Bosshard-Bano method and the Zhou method) were optimized for the most effective form of the filter membrane (cut vs. uncut), the DNA extraction method, and the precipitation method. The two optimized methods were then compared with the commercial Mo-Bio DNA extraction kit, and the results showed that the kit was generally suitable for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow. Procedurally, it was found that a modified Bosshard- Bano method (i.e., cutting the filter membrane into pieces, using a specific lysis pattern [lysozyme (5 mg/mL)-protease K (1 mg/mL)-CTAB (1%)-SDS (1%)], performing the extraction only once by chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1), and conducting DNA precipitation by pure ethanol) was also an effective and less expensive method for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow.     

岩石锚杆基础抗拔承载力计算方法探究

岩石锚杆基础作为架空输电线路塔基中的一种特殊基础型式,可以充分发挥原状岩体的力学性能,具有良好的抗拔性能。根据目前岩石锚杆基础原型试验的结果,《架空送电线路基础设计技术规定》中所推荐的单锚基础抗拔承载力计算模型中,理想45?破坏模式与实际不符,按其设计计算值偏差较大,可能导致设计成果不安全。为此,依据极限平衡原理基于围岩强度建立了较为合理的抗拔承载力计算模型,力学推导得出了相关公式,并进行了简化。通过推导公式计算值与实测值、设计值对比验证可知,抗拔承载力极限值位于 ～ 区间内,与推荐公式 的计算值一致性较好,能满足工程应用精度,具有可行性。     

空心村土地整治潜力调查与评价技术方法——以山东省禹城市为例

新时期中国农村土地整治,已由单纯的学术性研究逐渐上升为拉动内需、推动新农村建设、实现统筹城乡发展战略的重大举措.开展空心村用地整治潜力的调查与评价是实行空心村整治的重要前提和基础.以山东省禹城市徐集等13个典型村为例,综合集成地理学、信息科学、土地科学等多学科的优势与技术手段,深入开展了典型空心村选取、村庄尺度土地利用现状分类体系构建、宅基地利用属性调查表设计、高分辨率遥感影像(分辨率0.25 m)使用与解译、空心村整治潜力类型及其测算方法等研究,逐层递进地构建了空心村用地潜力调查与评价的成套技术方法.实现了对传统土地利用研究的有益创新,有据可依,步骤清晰,成果明确,简单易行,空心村用地潜力调查与评价结果符合山东省禹城市的实际状况,取得了良好应用效果.研究成果可为开展我国空心村土地综合整治潜力的调查与评价提供技术方法支持.     

大数据视角下的商业中心和热点区分布特征及其影响因素分析——以乌鲁木齐主城区为例

商业空间结构是城市经济活动的重要载体,识别商业中心和商业热点区以及探究其影响因素对于商业资源优化配置显得尤为必要,进而指导城市有序发展。论文以乌鲁木齐主城区为例,利用开放平台大数据兴趣点(point of interest, POI),采用地理学空间统计方法定量识别商业中心和商业热点区,对商业分布和空间集聚特征进行分类和解读,并利用地理探测器方法探寻其影响因素。主要结论如下：① 乌鲁木齐市商业高值区分布在吐乌大高速—和平渠沿线地带,大型商业中心主要有南湖商圈、中山路商圈、友好商圈、会展商圈、米东商圈、铁路局商圈。② 商业热点区呈现“T型”双轴分布,北部新城商业地带与南部传统商业地带共同构成乌鲁木齐市最具活力的商业地带;6类商业热点区的分布可归纳为3种类型,商务和金融服务类为单一点状型,住宿和餐饮服务类为带状延伸型,生活与购物服务类为带状双核型。③地价、集聚效应、路网密度等是影响商业宏观分布的主要因素,其次为人口密度和中心可达性,自然因素如高程、地形起伏度等对商业布局影响有限;各因素对不同类型商业业态的影响程度各异,如人口密度、路网密度对购物类影响较大,中心可达性和地价对于商务、金融类影响较大;就各业态类型网点间的关系而言,商务和金融类协同作用强,餐饮与购物类协同效应较强,共同影响城市商业空间。